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Camera CultureCamera Culture
Ramesh RaskarAssociate Prof, Media Lab, MIT
Course WebPage : http://raskar.info/course.html
Harold ‘Doc’ Edgerton 1936Harold ‘Doc’ Edgerton 1936
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Today’s PlanToday’s Plan•• Summary, ‘Camera in 10 years’Summary, ‘Camera in 10 years’
•• Next class big question: Next class big question: –– ‘Camera for better Image Search’‘Camera for better Image Search’
•• Understanding Camera ConstraintsUnderstanding Camera Constraints–– Camera ParametersCamera Parameters–– SolutionsSolutions
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•• HomeworkHomework–– What will a camera look like in 10 years, 20 years?What will a camera look like in 10 years, 20 years?–– What will be the dominant platform and why?What will be the dominant platform and why?
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Next ClassNext Class•• HomeworkHomework
–– How can we augment the camera to support best 'How can we augment the camera to support best 'image searchimage search'? '?
–– Search=segment/identify/recognize/transform/compare/archiveSearch=segment/identify/recognize/transform/compare/archive
–– How can we make the visual experience machine readable? Is this How can we make the visual experience machine readable? Is this the key the key problem? 3D reconstruction? Hardware and software solutions? problem? 3D reconstruction? Hardware and software solutions? CrowdsourcingCrowdsourcing? Metadata tagging?? Metadata tagging?
–– Material index/Segmentation/Repeatable view and illumination invMaterial index/Segmentation/Repeatable view and illumination invariance/ariance/
–– Email to [Email to [[email protected]@media.mit..]..]
•• VolunteerVolunteer–– Class notesClass notes–– Select/read/present/paperSelect/read/present/paper
•• Visual Social ComputingVisual Social Computing•• Beyond Visible SpectrumBeyond Visible Spectrum•• Mobile PhotographyMobile Photography•• Emerging sensorsEmerging sensors•• [Send me email .. ][Send me email .. ]
–– (Extra Credit)(Extra Credit)
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TopicsTopics•• Imaging Devices, Modern Optics and LensesImaging Devices, Modern Optics and Lenses•• Emerging Sensor TechnologiesEmerging Sensor Technologies•• Mobile PhotographyMobile Photography•• Visual Social Computing and Citizen JournalismVisual Social Computing and Citizen Journalism•• Imaging Beyond Visible SpectrumImaging Beyond Visible Spectrum•• Computational Imaging in SciencesComputational Imaging in Sciences•• Trust in Visual MediaTrust in Visual Media•• Solutions for Visually ChallengedSolutions for Visually Challenged•• Cameras in Developing CountriesCameras in Developing Countries•• Future Products and Business ModelsFuture Products and Business Models
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TopicsTopics•• Other coursesOther courses
–– Art and PhotographyArt and Photography–– CSAIL: Computational PhotographyCSAIL: Computational Photography–– MechEMechE: Optics: Optics
•• Fall’2008Fall’2008–– ‘Intro to Computational Camera and Photography’ ‘Intro to Computational Camera and Photography’ –– I will teach course in FallI will teach course in Fall
•• Current courseCurrent course–– More emphasis on future camerasMore emphasis on future cameras–– Faster review of technology and then look at Faster review of technology and then look at
impact/applications/opportunitiesimpact/applications/opportunities–– Big ideas/technologies/applications, Big ideas/technologies/applications, –– Understand rulesUnderstand rules--ofof--thumb and tradethumb and trade--offsoffs–– Ideal for thesis/projects/research papers/business modelsIdeal for thesis/projects/research papers/business models–– Learn fun stuff before the Learn fun stuff before the nittynitty grittygritty
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Jack Jack Tumblin’sTumblin’s QuestionsQuestions•• What does direct visual examination of an object give us that What does direct visual examination of an object give us that
current photographs lack? current photographs lack? •• What could we do to capture most of a photo’s visually What could we do to capture most of a photo’s visually
meaningful contents in machinemeaningful contents in machine--readable form? readable form? •• What is the best way to ‘lash together’ multiple photos of an What is the best way to ‘lash together’ multiple photos of an
object to form a unified visual archive? object to form a unified visual archive? •• Museum ObjectsMuseum Objects
–– How can we make a quick, lowHow can we make a quick, low--cost, but complete archival record of a cost, but complete archival record of a museum object? museum object?
–– Can we make such archives expandable? deviceCan we make such archives expandable? device--independent? View independent? View independent? Lightingindependent? Lighting--independent? independent?
–– Can these archives help us find hidden object features? Search fCan these archives help us find hidden object features? Search for or similarities among large sets of objects? similarities among large sets of objects?
–– Can they help us detect subtle longCan they help us detect subtle long--term change & degradation of term change & degradation of objects? Identify lost or stolen objects? Detect fakes? objects? Identify lost or stolen objects? Detect fakes?
–– What digital tools will help museum officials protect, share, anWhat digital tools will help museum officials protect, share, and d explore their collections with visitors?explore their collections with visitors?
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Near Infrared ImagingNear Infrared Imaging
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mariusm/6333589/http://www.hoagieshouse.com/IR
Illumination for Traffic Cameras
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•• Available light vs. exposure time vs. scene Available light vs. exposure time vs. scene movement vs. field of view vs. focus depth vs. movement vs. field of view vs. focus depth vs. sensitivity vs. noise vs. color rendition vs. color sensitivity vs. noise vs. color rendition vs. color gamut vs. contrast vs. visible detail vs. gamut vs. contrast vs. visible detail vs. ……..
Photography: Full of Tradeoffs...Photography: Full of Tradeoffs...Photography: Full of Tradeoffs...
No-flash Flash
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Available Light vs Parameter ‘box’Available Light Available Light vsvs Parameter Parameter ‘‘boxbox’’
Aperture
Exposure
Focal Length (zoom)
Focus distance
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Goal: High Dynamic Range
Short Exposure
Long Exposure
Dynamic Range
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Processing: Very Long Exposure ?Processing: Very Long Exposure ?Processing: Very Long Exposure ?Michael Michael WeselyWesely: Open Shutter at The Museum of Modern Art : Open Shutter at The Museum of Modern Art
•• http://http://www.wesely.org/moma.php?show_pagewww.wesely.org/moma.php?show_page=1=1
•• http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2004/Michael_Wesely_11http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/2004/Michael_Wesely_11--2020--04.html04.html
PostdamerPostdamer PlatzPlatz, Berlin, Berlin
26 Month long exposure: Notice the sun tracks26 Month long exposure: Notice the sun tracks18 month long exposure18 month long exposure
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High depthHigh depth--ofof--fieldfield
•• adjacent views use different focus adjacent views use different focus settingssettings
•• for each pixel, select sharpest viewfor each pixel, select sharpest view
close focus distant focus composite
[Haeberli90]
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Long-rangesynthetic aperture photography
Levoy et al., SIGG2005
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Synthetic aperture videography
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Focus Adjustment: Sum of Bundles
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© 2007 Marc Levoy
Synthetic aperture photography
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© 2007 Marc Levoy
Synthetic aperture photography
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© 2007 Marc Levoy
Synthetic aperture photography
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© 2007 Marc Levoy
Synthetic aperture photography
Σ
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© 2007 Marc Levoy
Synthetic aperture photography
Σ
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© 2007 Marc Levoy
Synthetic aperture photography
Σ
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Synthetic aperture photography
Smaller aperture less blur, smaller circle of confusion
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Synthetic aperture photography
Merge MANY cameras to act as ONE BIG LENSSmall items are so blurry they seem to disappear..
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Focus Adjustment: Sum of Bundles
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•• Epsilon PhotographyEpsilon Photography–– Vary focus, exposure polarization, Vary focus, exposure polarization,
illuminationillumination
–– Vary time, viewVary time, view
–– Better than any one photoBetter than any one photo
•• Achieve effects via multiAchieve effects via multi--photo fusionphoto fusion
•• Create a SuperCreate a Super--camera camera –– Mimic human eyeMimic human eye
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‘Film-Like Photography’: Ray Model‘‘FilmFilm--Like PhotographyLike Photography’’: Ray Model: Ray Model
Image PlaneImage PlaneI(x,y)I(x,y)
Ang
le(
Ang
le( θθ
,, ϕϕ))
Pos
ition
(x,y
)P
ositi
on(x
,y)
Image:Image:Planar 2D map of Planar 2D map of
light intensities light intensities
Light + 3D Scene:Light + 3D Scene:Illumination, Illumination,
shape, movement, shape, movement, surface BRDF,surface BRDF,……
‘‘Center of Center of Projection’Projection’
(P(P33 or Por P22 Origin)Origin)
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Ray BUNDLES approximate RaysRay BUNDLES approximate RaysRay BUNDLES approximate Rays•• Lens Systems: Lens Systems:
approximateapproximate rays with bundlesrays with bundles
•• Finite angle, not rays Finite angle, not rays (lens aperture)(lens aperture)
•• Finite area, not points Finite area, not points (circle of confusion)(circle of confusion)
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Lens-(optics)
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Film-like Optics: Imaging IntuitionFilmFilm--like Optics: like Optics: Imaging IntuitionImaging IntuitionA
ngle
(A
ngle
( θθ,, ϕϕ
))
Pos
ition
(x,y
)P
ositi
on (x
,y)
2D Sensor:2D Sensor:Pixel Grid Pixel Grid
or Film,or Film,……WellWell--Lit 3D Scene:Lit 3D Scene:
‘‘Center of Center of Projection’Projection’
‘‘Pinhole’ Model:Pinhole’ Model: Rays copy scene onto ‘film’Rays copy scene onto ‘film’
RayRay
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Not One Ray, but a Bundle of RaysNot Not OneOne Ray,Ray, but a but a BundleBundle of Raysof Rays
•• (BUT(BUT Ray model Ray model isn’t perfectisn’t perfect: ignores diffraction): ignores diffraction)
•• Lens, aperture, and diffractionLens, aperture, and diffractionsets the pointsets the point--spreadspread--function (PSF)function (PSF)
(How? See: (How? See: Goodman,J.WGoodman,J.W. ‘An Introduction to Fourier Optics’ 1968). ‘An Introduction to Fourier Optics’ 1968)
SceneScene SensorSensor
Aperture
LensLens
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Review: Focal Length fReview: Review: Focal LengthFocal Length ff
LensLens
fSS11 = = ∞∞
•• Lens focal lengthLens focal length f : f : where parallel rays convergewhere parallel rays converge
•• greatergreater focal length: focal length: lessless rayray--bending abilitybending ability……
•• For flat glass; for air : f = For flat glass; for air : f = ∞∞
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Review: Thin Lens LawReview: Thin Lens LawReview: Thin Lens Law
••Thin Lens Law:Thin Lens Law: in focus when:in focus when:
••Note that Note that SS1 1 ≥≥ ff and and SS22 ≥≥ ff
SceneScene SensorSensor
SS22SS11
LensLens
Try it Live! Try it Live! PhysletsPhyslets…… http://http://webphysics.davidson.edu/Applets/Optics/intro.htmlwebphysics.davidson.edu/Applets/Optics/intro.html
f f
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Aperture and Depth-Of-Focus: Aperture Aperture andand DepthDepth--OfOf--Focus: Focus:
For For samesame focal length:focal length:•• SmallerSmaller Aperture Aperture LargerLarger focus depth, but less lightfocus depth, but less light
SceneScene SensorSensor
SS22SS11
LensLens
Focus DepthFocus Depth BlurBlurf f
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Aperture and Depth-Of-Focus: Aperture Aperture andand DepthDepth--OfOf--Focus: Focus:
For For samesame focal length:focal length:•• LargerLarger Aperture Aperture smallersmaller focus depth, but more lightfocus depth, but more light
SceneScene SensorSensor
SS22SS11
LensLens
Focus DepthFocus Depth BlurBlurf f
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Focal Length vs. Viewpoint vs. FocusFocal Length Focal Length vs. vs. Viewpoint Viewpoint vs.vs. FocusFocus
Wide angle isnWide angle isn’’t flattering; do you know why?t flattering; do you know why?
Wide angle Standard Telephoto
Large/Deep Large/Deep Depth of FocusDepth of Focus Small/shallowSmall/shallow
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Color SensingColor SensingColor Sensing
•• 33--chip: separate R,G,B sensors, vs.chip: separate R,G,B sensors, vs.
•• 11--chip: interleaved R,G,B: quality vs. costchip: interleaved R,G,B: quality vs. cost
http://www.cooldihttp://www.cooldictionary.com/words/Bayertionary.com/words/Bayer--filter.wikipediafilter.wikipedia
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Lens Flaws: Chromatic AberrationLens Flaws: Chromatic AberrationLens Flaws: Chromatic Aberration
•• Dispersion:Dispersion: wavelengthwavelength--dependent refractive indexdependent refractive index–– (enables prism to spread white light beam into rainbow)(enables prism to spread white light beam into rainbow)
•• Modifies rayModifies ray--bending and lens focal length: f(bending and lens focal length: f(λλ))
•• color fringes near edges of imagecolor fringes near edges of image
•• Corrections: add Corrections: add ‘‘doubletdoublet’’ lens of flint glass, etc.lens of flint glass, etc.http://http://www.swgc.mun.ca/physics/physlets/opticalbench.htmwww.swgc.mun.ca/physics/physlets/opticalbench.htmll
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Chromatic Aberration Chromatic Aberration Chromatic Aberration
•• Lens Design Fix:Lens Design Fix: MultiMulti--element lenseselement lensesComplex, expensive, many tradeoffs!Complex, expensive, many tradeoffs!
•• Computed Fix: Computed Fix: Geometric warp for R,G,BGeometric warp for R,G,B
Image EdgeImage EdgeImage CenterImage Center
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Many Limitations & Tradeoffs:Many Limitations & Tradeoffs:(how can computing change them?)(how can computing change them?)
•• Optics:Optics:Single focus distance, limited depthSingle focus distance, limited depth--ofof--field, limited fieldfield, limited field--
ofof--view, internal reflections/flare/glareview, internal reflections/flare/glare
•• Lighting:Lighting:Camera has no knowledge of ray source strength, Camera has no knowledge of ray source strength,
position, direction; little control (e.g. flash)position, direction; little control (e.g. flash)
•• Sensor: Sensor: Exposure setting, motion blur, noise, response time,…Exposure setting, motion blur, noise, response time,…
•• Processing: Processing: –– Quantization/color depth, camera shake, scene Quantization/color depth, camera shake, scene
movement…movement…
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The Eye’s Lens
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Varioptic Liquid Lens: Electrowetting
Varioptic, Inc., 2007
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Varioptic Liquid Lens
(Courtesy Varioptic Inc.)
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Captured Video
(Courtesy Varioptic Inc.)
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Conventional Compound Lens
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“Origami Lens”: Thin Folded Optics (2007)
“Ultrathin Cameras Using Annular Folded Optics, “E. J. Tremblay, R. A. Stack, R. L. Morrison, J. E. FordApplied Optics, 2007 ‐ OSA
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Origami Lens
ConventionalLens
Origami Lens
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Optical Performance
ConventionalLens Image
Origami Lens Image
Conventional
OrigamiScene
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Compound Lens of Dragonfly
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TOMBO: Thin Camera (2001)
“Thin observation module by bound optics (TOMBO),”J. Tanida, T. Kumagai, K. Yamada, S. MiyatakeApplied Optics, 2001
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TOMBO: Thin Camera
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Captured Image
TOMBO
Scene Captured Image
(Multiple low‐resolutioncopies of the scene)Hfg =
Image = Optics . Scene
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Reconstructed Image
gHf +=
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Conventional Lens: Limited Depth of Field
Smaller Aperture
Open Aperture
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Wavefront Coding using Cubic Phase Plate
ʺWavefront Coding: jointly optimized optical and digital imaging systems“, E. Dowski, R. H. Cormack and S. D. Sarama , Aerosense Conference, April 25, 2000
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Depth Invariant Blur
Conventional System Wavefront Coded System
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Point Spread Functions
Focused DefocusedConventional
WavefrontC
oded
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Example
Conventional System
Open Aperture
Stopped Down
Wavefront Coded System
Captured Image
After Processing
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• Sunglasses changing color instantly
• ElectrochromicPolymer sensitive to current levels
Chunye Xu, University of Washington
Wavelength Manipulation
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Larval Larval TrematodeTrematode WormWorm
Simplest Visual OrgansSimplest Visual Organs
‘‘Single Pixel’ CameraSingle Pixel’ Camera
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Larval Larval TrematodeTrematode WormWorm
Simplest Visual OrgansSimplest Visual Organs
‘‘Single Pixel’ CameraSingle Pixel’ Camera
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Larval Larval TrematodeTrematode WormWorm
Simplest Visual OrgansSimplest Visual Organs
?
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Special ApertureSpecial Aperture
Larval Larval TrematodeTrematode WormWorm
?
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Special ApertureSpecial Aperture
The aperture of a 100 mm lens is modified
Rest of the camera is unmodified
Insert a coded mask with chosen binary pattern
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In Focus Photo
LED
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Out of Focus Photo: Open Aperture
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Out of Focus Photo: Coded Aperture
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Bokeh
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Out of Focus Photo: Coded Aperture
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Captured Blurred Photo
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Refocused on Person
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Digital Refocusing
Captured Blurred Photo
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Digital Refocusing
Refocused Image on Person
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Mask? Sensor
MaskSensorMask? Sensor
MaskSensor
Mask? Sensor
Heterodyne Light Field Camera
Digital Refocusing
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MaskSensor
MaskSensor
Digital RefocusingHeterodyne Light
Field Camera
Mask? Sensor
Mask = more information?
[Veeraraghavan, Raskar, Agrawal, Tumblin, Mohan], Siggraph 2007
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Larval Larval TrematodeTrematode WormWorm
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DisplayDisplayRGB(x,y,tRGB(x,y,tnn))
ImageImageI(x,y,I(x,y,λλ,t),t)
Light &Optics3D Scene3D Scene
light sources,BRDFs,shapes,
positions,movements,
…EyepointEyepoint
position, movement,projection,
…
PHYSICALPHYSICAL PERCEIVEDPERCEIVED
What What isis Photography?Photography?
Exposure Exposure Control,Control,
tone maptone mapSceneScenelight sources,BRDFs,shapes,positions,movements,…EyepointEyepointposition, movement,projection,…
Vis
ion
Photo: A Tangible RecordPhoto: A Tangible RecordEditable, storable asEditable, storable as
Film or PixelsFilm or Pixels
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3D Scene?3D Scene?light sources,BRDFs,
shapes,positions,movements,…EyepointEyepoint??position, movement,projection,…MeaningMeaning……
VisualVisualStimulusStimulus
3D Scene3D Scenelight sources,
BRDFs,shapes,
positions,movements,
…EyepointEyepoint
position, movement,projection,
…
PHYSICALPHYSICAL PERCEIVED PERCEIVED or UNDERSTOODor UNDERSTOOD
Ultimate Photographic GoalsUltimate Photographic Goals
Vis
ion
Vis
ion
Sen
sor(
sS
enso
r(s ))
Com
putin
gC
ompu
ting
Light &Light &OpticsOptics
Photo: A Tangible RecordPhoto: A Tangible Record
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Multiperspective Camera?Multiperspective Camera?
[ Jingyi Yu’ 2004 ]
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Next ClassNext Class•• HomeworkHomework
–– How can we augment the camera to support best 'How can we augment the camera to support best 'image searchimage search'? '?
–– Search=segment/identify/recognize/transform/compare/archiveSearch=segment/identify/recognize/transform/compare/archive
–– How can we make the visual experience machine readable? Is this How can we make the visual experience machine readable? Is this the key the key problem? 3D reconstruction? Hardware and software solutions? problem? 3D reconstruction? Hardware and software solutions? CrowdsourcingCrowdsourcing? Metadata tagging?? Metadata tagging?
–– Material index/Segmentation/Repeatable view and illumination invMaterial index/Segmentation/Repeatable view and illumination invariance/ariance/
–– Email to [Email to [[email protected]@media.mit..]..]
•• VolunteerVolunteer–– Class notesClass notes–– Select/read/present/paperSelect/read/present/paper
•• Visual Social ComputingVisual Social Computing•• Beyond Visible SpectrumBeyond Visible Spectrum•• Mobile PhotographyMobile Photography•• Emerging sensorsEmerging sensors•• [Send me email .. ][Send me email .. ]
–– (Extra Credit)(Extra Credit)
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Next Next WednWedn 3pm3pm
Less is More: Coded Computational Photography
Speaker: Ramesh Raskar, Associate Professor, MIT Media LabDate: Wednesday, February 20 2008Time: 3:00PM to 4:00PM Refreshments: 2:45PM Location: Star Seminar Room (32-D463)
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Topic TopicGuest Speaker
1Feb 06 Introductions
2 Wed 13 Feb Imaging Devices, Modern Optics and Lenses
3 Wed 20 FebMobile Photography
4 Wed 27 FebVisual Social Computing and Citizen Journalism
Google Maps Streetview (Luc Vincent, TBA)
5 Wed 05 Mar Emerging Sensor Technologies Nokia Research, Mobile Computational Photography (TBA)
6Wed 12 Mar Beyond Visible Spectrum RedShift Technologies(Matthias Wagner, Thermal Imaging)
7Wed 19 Mar Intel Research (Rahul Sukthankar)
SPRING BREAK
8Wed 02 Apr
Trust in Imaging Microsoft ?
9Wed 09 Apr
Computational Imaging in Sciences Canon USA (Consumer Imaging Group) (TBA)
10Wed 16 Apr Solutions for Visually Challenged Sony EyeToy
11Wed 23 Apr
NO class
12Wed 30 Apr
Cameras in Developing CountriesFuture Products and Business Models
HP Research Labs (Tom Malzbender on CameraPhone Usage, GPS-based tools)
13Wed 07 May
Student Presentations
14Wed 14 May Student Presentations