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Rami Ibrahim
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Black English (BE)This dialect (actually a group of closely related dialects) is spoken by a large section of African Americans; it is usually referred to as Black English (BE), Negro English, Black English Vernacular (BEV) or Nonstandard Negro English.
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Black American Celebrities
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Kunta KinteThe outline of his life story was the basis for the novel
Roots: The Saga of an American Family by American author Alex Haley, and the television miniseries Roots, based on the book.
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Roots 1977 Kunta Kinte Torture Scene
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkI0DLRUtSM
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Reasons for the distinguishing features of BE
Social, educational and economic reasons
Ghetto livingSegregated schoolsSpoken by a large section of non-middle-class African Americans.
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BE: a victim of prejudicial ignorance and stigma
Some critics associate the use of BE with inferior genetic intelligence and cultural deprivation saying that BE is a "deficient, illogical, and incomplete" language
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Martin Luther King, Jr. Versus Barack ObamaInstitutional Intellectual Organic Intellectual
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Speech Comparison Barack Obama Martin Luther King
Remarks at the "Let Freedom Ring" Ceremony Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and FreedomAugust 28, 2013.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytBAC3KOhhQ
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom August 28, 1963http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRIF4_WzU1w
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Phonology of Black English
1 _Deletion of /R/ unless followed by a vowel.
courtcaught
guardgod
norgnaw
soresaw
poorpa
fortfought
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2/ _L/ Deletion Rule
tolltoe
allawe
helphep
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BE simplifies consonant clusters, particularly at the end of words and when one of the two consonants is an alveolar ( t, d, s, z)
3_ Consonant Cluster Simplification Rule
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Mendmeant
men
Passedpast
Pass(I pass the test yesterday)
pastepeisMore likely to be deleted
chasedt∫eistNot always deleted
KeatsKi:tMore likely to be deleted
seatsSi:tsNot always deleted
Deletion is optional:
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4 _Lack of distinction between /I/ and /є/ before nasal consonants.
pinpen
tinten
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5 _Phonetic distinction between /aj/ and /aw/ has been lost.
Whywow
wa
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6 _Reduction of /oy/ to /o/ particularly before /I/
Boilboy
bo
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7 _Change of /θ/ to /f/ and /ð/ to / v/
RuthRuf
Brotherbr^v∂r
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Syntactic Difference between BE and SAE
1_NegationUse of ain't as a general negative indicator
BESAE
ain'tam not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't
For some speakers of BESAE
Ain'tdon't, doesn't, or didn't(e.g., I ain't know that.)
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Double Negatives
BESAE
I don't know nothing about no one no more
I don't know anything about anyone anymore
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2 _Deletion of the verb "Be"
BESAE
He niceHe is nice/ He's nice
They mine.They are mine/They 're mine
I gonna do it.I am going to do/ I'm gonna do it.
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3_Habitual "Be"
BESAE
John be happyJohn is always happy.
John happyJohn is happy now
He be lateHe is habitually late
He lateHe is late this time
Do you be tired?Are you generally tired?
You tired?Are you tired now?
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Some Lexical terms From BE
BEMeaning in SAE
pot liquor also potlikker or potlickker
the liquid left after meat and vegetables have been cooked, often used for broth.
DigUnderstand or appreciate
Gray or ofay dude White man
Kitchencurly or kinky hair at the nape of the neck
sedditysnobbish or bourgeois
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Types of music developed by Black Americans.
Jazz, blues, Rap What a wonderful world - LOUIS ARMSTRONG
(Jass) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2VCwBzGdPM&feature=related
The Doors and John Lee Hooker - Roadhouse Blues
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xzFWm9uXJo&feature=related
No Woman No Cry, Bob Marley ( Reggae) http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Y0jirlfhyz4&feature=related
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Regularity and importance of BE
Questions for further discussion:Is BE an/a "illogical" or "primitive"
vernacular or an Inferior version of the standard language?
Do you think that the study of BE is important for nonlinguists?
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ReferencesVictria Fromkin, Robert Rodman (1993). An
Introduction to Language. Orlando: Harcourt Brace& Company.