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Random Number Generation Using Quantum Physics
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Introduction to randomness and random numbers
PRNG-s
TRNG-s
Comparison between PRNG-s and TRNG-s
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Application of random numbers
Authentication
Confidentiality
Scientific calculations
-What is a random number-Testing randomness
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Generating random numbers
Software solutions
Physical sources of randomness
- Biased and unbiased sequences
- Determinism hidden behind complexity
- Randomness revealed by simplicity
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The Quantis QRNG
Figure 1: Optical system used to generate random numbers
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Principles
High bit rate 4-16 Mb/s of truly random bits
Transmission upon semi-transparent mirror
Absolutely random transmission or reflection
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Figure 2: Block diagram of the Quantis RNG
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Three subsystems
1.The core of generator-comprises the diode and two single photon detectors
2.Synchronisation electronic circuit-comprises a clock, triggering electronics and acquisition electronics for a single photon detectors
3.The processing and interfacing subsystem –performs statistical and hardware checks , as well as unbiasing of the sequence, shaping the output electronic signals
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Unbiasing of the random numbers
Status monitoring
Packaging
Conclusion
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Parking lot test
Randomly place unit circles in a 100*100 square
If the circle overlaps an existing one, try again
After 12000 tries, the number of successfully ’’parked’’
circles should follow a certain normal distribution
Pi values for files between 0.001 and 0.009- TRNG satisfies test
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References[1] Schneier, B., Applied Cryptography: Protocols,Algorithms, and Source Code in C, John Wiley &Sons, New York, (1996).[2] Knuth, D., The Art of Computer Programming,Vol. 2, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, (1981).[3] Maurer, U., "A universal statistical test forrandom bits generators", Journal of Cryptology, 5, 89-106 (1992).[4] Markoff, J., "Security flaw is discovered insoftware used in shopping", The New York Times (19September 1995)