Rapidly Developing Mass Digitization and the Future of the University Library
James Michalko
Vice President, OCLC Research
Keio University
6 October 2010
with thanks to Lorcan Dempsey, Brian Lavoie, David Lewis and Constance Malpas for their contributions
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Simplistic
Content
Disclaimer
• Time is short, language is a barrier• All examples are U.S.A perspective
This presentation
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Overview
• The changing place of the Library within University
• Collection trends (within US research libraries)
• Mass Digitization and the switch to e-books
• Implications – some Keio statistics
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Place of the Library in University Why do Universities have libraries?• It was more economical to have a physical collection than to send
researchers or students to the information.
• It was useful to locate all the needed information resources for research and learning physically close to the work.
• Local collections were assets and contributed competitively to scholarly
output
Consider the town squarein the United States…
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The network changes everything
• The network has reconfigured whole industries
• Travel, News, Book Retailing
• The network is now the first option for researchers and learners
• Impact on the university library
• changed the value of physical book collections and library space
• changed the relevance of the library assets and services to the University’s outputs
We do not yet know what it will mean to reconfigure the library within the University
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An unsustainablepattern of growth
Source: “Expenditure Trends in ARL Libraries, 1986–2007”ARL Statistics 2006–2007, Association of Research Libraries, Washington, DC
ARL Expenditures, 1986-2007
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If this trend continues library allocations would fall below 0.5% by 2015. Growthin for-profit sector, concerns about infrastructure costs in the ‘middle’ and budgetissues in the research sector all support this trend.
Analysis based on NCES data: Constance Malpas
Less investment in libraries
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Source: “Service Trends in ARL Libraries, 1991–2007 ”ARL Statistics 2006–2007, Association of Research Libraries, Washington, DC
While student enrollment has increased (+25%) . . .
In the last 15 years . . .
use of onsite library collections/services has decreased (-10 to -50%). . .
and reliance on external collections has more than doubled (+150%)
Students and researchers reliance on library has changed
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What Do We Know About Print Book Use
The 80/20 rule applies
Past use predicts future use (better than anything else)
Use declines with age
In academic print collections users fail to find owned known items 50% of the time
Cost to the user is largely in the uncertainty of finding what they want
The are no longer using what we have. The value of our print collections to the University has declined rapidly.
© 2010 David W. Lewis.
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Move from Print to Electronic Collections
2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/080.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
ARL Medium % Expenditures on Electronic Resources
© 2010 David W. Lewis.
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Move from Print to Electronic Collections
Complete for journals
• But we’re still shelving unused paper
Nearly complete for reference works
• But we’re still buying paper reference works
© 2010 David W. Lewis
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and the switch to primarily e-book purchasing will happen soon
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Forecasts – Digital Availability of e-books- the publishers expect this switch
Current*
Trade:
Acad/Prof:
Text books:
H/S:
Ten Years#Five Years*Front Back
Segment
25%
10%
20% 1%
85%
75%
90%20%
100%
100%
100% 50%
50%
30%
10%5%
Memo:*Assumes top tier publishers – 1,000 active publishers# Assumes any active publisher selling on Amazon.com
OCLC work commissioned from Michael Cairns.
Based on interviews with selection of industry experts.
College:
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Status of the switch to e-publications
• Complete for e-journals
• Will be primarily electronic for books soon
Combine with
• Mass digitization of legacy print collections
• Google in USA – digitizing everything regardless of copyright status
• Google participating libraries creating a joint platform to store, preserve and ultimately access their copies of the Google digital versions. The platform is run by the University of Michigan and called the Hathi Trust
www.hathitrust.org
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Hathi Trust - current members
• California Digital Library• Indiana University• Michigan State University• Northwestern University• The Ohio State University• Penn State University• Purdue University• UC Berkeley• UC Davis • UC Irvine• UCLA• UC Merced• UC Riverside
• UC San Diego• UC San Francisco• UC Santa Barbara• UC Santa Cruz• The University of Chicago• University of Illinois• University of Illinois at Chicago• The University of Iowa• University of Michigan• University of Minnesota• University of Wisconsin-
Madison• University of Virginia
MOST OF THE US GOOGLE BOOK PARTNERS
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Moving from Print to Electronic Books
IF
• E-book publishing will be the norm and
• Legacy print will be digitized (Google, Hathi, the Digitizing Academic Books in Japanese project)
THEN
• We can change the management of our existing print collections
• We can retire our legacy print collections
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Retire Legacy Print Collections
Under way at many institutions
Discussions in process on collaborations and national programs
© 2010 David W. Lewis.
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Retiring Legacy Print Collections- digital is much cheaper than the library or a storage facility
$5.00 to $13.10
$28.77
$50.98 to $68.43
Life cycle cost based on 3% discount rate. From Paul N. Courant and Matthew “Buzzy” Nielsen, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book,” in The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship, CLIR, June 2010, available at: http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub147abst.html
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US Investment in Academic Print Collections
Academic Library Expenditures on Purchased and Licensed Content
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
19982000
20022004
20062008
20142020
Print books and journalsE-journals and e-books
Projected change
Source: US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1998-2008
You are here
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0 20 40 60 80 100 1200%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Rank in 2008 ARL Investment Index
% o
f T
itle
s i
n L
oca
l C
oll
ecti
on
A global change in the library environment
June 2010Median duplication: 31%
June 2009Median duplication: 19%
Academic print book collection already substantially duplicated in mass digitized book corpus
Data current as of June 2010
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Keio University Library Holdings in Hathi Digital Library
Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-100
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
US Public domain In copyright Linear feet
Tit
les /
Edit
ions
Lin
ear
feet
68K titles4250 linear feet
Data current as of June 2010
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123,486 Keio titles for which mass-digitiza-tion status is
unknown
3% in the public domain
32% in copyright
Data current as of June 2010
Of the 190K Keio library holdings in WorldCat, at least 35% are duplicated in mass-digitized corpus
Represents . . . Est. 4,250 linear feet of library space Est. ¥ 24M p/a in management costs
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1 2-4 5-9 10-24
25-49
50-74
75-99
100-149
150-199
200-299
300-399
400-499
500-599
600-699
700-799
800-899
900-999
1000-
1499
1500-
1800
2000-
2499
2500-
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Holding Libraries
Tit
les / E
dit
ion
s
70% of mass-digitized titles in Keio libraries are also held by >99 other repositories
Target for cooperative management?
Data current as of June 2010
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A ‘global’ library?
New York
England
Germany
France
Unspecified
India
Washington, DC
Russia
Japan
Italy
China
Massachusetts
Spain
California
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Netherlands
Michigan
Switzerland
Poland
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000
Top 20 Imprint Locations
Titles Data current as of June 2010
>30% of titles in Hathi Library are US imprints
3% are Japanese imprints
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Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-100
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Japanese language ti-tles
Tit
les /
Edit
ions
Coverage of Japanese literature in mass-digitized corpus is growing
Data current as of June 2010
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3%3,333 titles
97%114,156
titles
US Public domain In copyright
. . . but digitized Japanese literature still largely inaccessible
Data current as of June 2010
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A limited view of Japanese culture
Japanese Language, Linguistics, Philology
Japanese Literature - Modern, 1867-present
Japanese Literature, History & Criticism
Japanese Literature - Poetry
Japanese Literature - Tokugawa, Edo, 1600-1867
Japanese Literature - Imperial, 794-1185
Japanese Literature - Prose
Japanese Literature - Feudal, 1185-1600
Japanese Literature - Drama
Japanese Literature - Ancient to 794 A.D.
Japanese Literature - General
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000
Titles / Editions
Titles in modern Japanese literature (1867-) predominate
Data current as of June 2010
Japanese Literature Japanese Language
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In conclusion
The switch to e-publications and digital delivery presents the opportunity to reconfigure the library
The library can use its resources to
• become the most efficient unit that adds local value
By moving beyond its past and its tradition as a physical storehouse of texts the library will
• become a bundle of services that adds value to the University’s output – scholarship and research
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THANK YOU
comments, questions and observations are very welcome via email…
Thanks to Lorcan Dempsey, David Lewis, Constance Malpas for their contributions…