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Ready, set, codon
DNA … TAC ATT
RNA … AUG UAA
A. A. … start stop
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Cells have checkpoints to repair
damage that was missed earlier.
Sometimes the cell doesn’t repair the
damage.
If the damage goes unrepaired it can
result in mutation.
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A permanent change in a cell’s DNA. This
leads to mistakes in Protein Synthesis.
What are some causes of mutation?
› Radiation (X rays)
› UV light
› Mutagens (chemicals)
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Some mutations cause large changes, some cause small changes, and some cause no change at all.
Point mutations involve a chemical change in
just one base pair.
Frameshift mutations change the entire amino
acid sequence after the point of the mutation.
Silent mutations involve a chemical change in one base, but do not change the protein.
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Missense mutation
= DNA codes for the
wrong Amino Acid
A single base pair is
changed to cause
substitution of a
different amino acid.
DNA = TAC GAG AGC CCA ATT
RNA = AUG CUC UCG GGU UAA
A.A. = Start leucine serine glycine stop
DNA = TAC GAG CGC CCA ATT
RNA = AUG CUC GCG GGU UAA
A.A. = Start leucine alanine glycine stop
1 Amino Acid is REPLACED
with another!
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DNA = TAC GAG AGC CCA ATT
RNA = AUG CUC UCG GGU UAA
A.A. = Start leucine serine glycine stop
DNA = TAC GAG ATC CCA ATT
RNA = AUG CUC UAG GGU UAA
A.A. = Start leucine stop
Nonsense mutation
Cause translation to
terminate early
results in a
premature stop codon.
Protein is terminated early!
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Silent mutation
Changed DNA still
produces the
proper amino acid
does NOT result in a
change in protein
DNA = TAC GAG AGC CCA ATT
RNA = AUG CUC UCG GGU UAA
A.A. = Start leucine serine glycine stop
DNA = TAC GAG AGC CCG ATT
RNA = AUG CUC UCG GGC UAA
A.A. = Start leucine serine glycine stop
No Change!
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A nucleotide is lost or gained, causing the 3-
letter codons to shift up or down 1 letter for
the remainder of the DNA sequence
= A mutation in which part of the DNA is
missing or extra has been added.
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Insertion mutation
An extra nucleotide is
inserted into the DNA
bases are added to
the DNA sequence
DNA = TAC GAG AGC CCA ATT
RNA = AUG CUC UCG GGU UAA
A.A. = Start leucine serine glycine stop
DNA = TAC TGA GAG CCC AAT
RNA = AUG ACU CUC GGG UUA
A.A. = Start threonine leucine glycine leucine
The rest are changed!
This is described as a
FRAMESHIFT
mutation because it
alters the “reading
frame” of the 3 base
codons !!
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The rest are changed!
Deletion mutation
A nucleotide is
removed from the
DNA
part of the DNA is
missing.
DNA = TAC GAG AGC CCA ATT
RNA = AUG CUC UCG GGU UAA
A.A. = Start leucine serine glycine stop
DNA = TAC AGA GCC CAA TTT
RNA = AUG UCU CGG GUU AAA
A.A. = Start serine arginine valine lysine
This is described as a
FRAMESHIFT
mutation because it
alters the “reading
frame” of the 3 base
codons !!
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Some mutations involve larger sections of DNA
that are translocated, deleted, or repeated.
› Translocation – a section from one DNA strand is
moved to an entirely different DNA strand (from
one chromosome to another)
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Can mutations be
beneficial to us?
Evolution – The
changes seen in the
inherited traits of a
population from one
generation to the
next.