TÜV NORD Mobilität1
Real Driving Emissions -Experiences of a Technical Service with PEMS
Martin Kleinebrahm2015/04/29
Technical Seminar on Real-Driving Emissions
30/04/2015IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption 2
Agenda
Motivation
PEMS history of TÜV NORD
Motivation for LDV RDE
Steps of LDV PEMS
Boundary conditions and evaluation
Spotlights on some results of Stuttgart / Munich LDV
measurements
Air quality issues: PM10 (WHO)
30/04/2015 3IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Air quality issues: NO2 (IUP)
30/04/2015 4IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Martin Kleinebrahm 5
PEMS – mobileemission measurement
2004From its inception, TÜV NORDhas been involved in the development of PEMS. EURO III, the first PEMS project commissioned by the German Federal Highway Research Institute, examined variouscommercial vehicles.
RDE – On-road PEMS measurement by TÜV NORD
History
30.04.2015
Martin Kleinebrahm 6
RDE – On-road PEMS measurement by TÜV NORD
History
30.04.2015
PEMS – mobileemission measurement
Co-operation commenced withLANUV NRW: “City bus emissions”, diesel and natural gas drive (EURO III to EEV).
2005 - 2008
Martin Kleinebrahm 7
RDE – On-road PEMS measurement by TÜV NORD
History
30.04.2015
PEMS – mobileemission measurement
In association with the FederalEnvironment Agency: Measurement of several commercial vehicles with PEMS.
2006 - 2007
2008 - 2010Collaboration with the Federal Ministry for Transport, Buildingand Urban Affairs: retrofitting of inland waterway vessels with particle filters.
Martin Kleinebrahm 8
RDE – On-road PEMS measurement by TÜV NORD
History
30.04.2015
PEMS – mobileemission measurement
PEMS-Project in Stuttgart forLUBW Baden-Württemberg:Measurement of exhaust emission for passenger cars
Project with the Federal Ministry for Transport, Building and Urban Affairs: hybrid buses compared with conventional buses in the VRR. Measurement of emissions and energy flows.
2010 - 2011
2012Retrofitting of exhaust filters on the Rhine passenger vessel “Jan von Werth“.
Martin Kleinebrahm 9
RDE – On-road PEMS measurement by TÜV NORD
History
30.04.2015
PEMS – mobileemission measurement
2014
PEMS-Project in Stuttgart and München for LUBW Baden-Württemberg and LUA BayernMeasurement of exhaust emissions of Euro 6 passenger cars with different NOx-reduction strategies
Exhaust emissions of passenger cars and light duty trucks in Europe are measured by using the NEDC under well defined ambient conditions in a laboratory. The NEDC represents only a small part of all driving conditions in real traffic.„Revisions may be necessary to ensure that real world emissions correspond to those measured at type approval. The use of portable emission measurement systems and the introduction of the ‘not-to exceed’ regulatory concept should also be considered.“
Regulation (EC) No 715/2007
Real Driving Emissions30/04/2015 10IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
• In Europe it is discussed how to measure exhaust emissions in real traffic (Real Driving Emissions = RDE).
• Due to European air qualitiy regulations NOx emissions are the main issue of RDE.
• European Commission is also interested in particle measurement.• Emissions can be measured by using Portable Emission
Measurement Systems (PEMS) in real traffic.• TÜV NORD is carrying out research programs on behalf of the
German government within the RDE process.
Real-Driving-Emissions (RDE) (1)
30/04/2015 11IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS):• PEMS is installed in the vehicle, emissions are measured in
real traffic.• PEMS is already used for heavy duty vehicles (ECE R49)
30/04/2015 12IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Heavy Duty System on Light Duty vehicles (1)
Heavy Duty System on Light Duty vehicles (2)
11/04/2014 13IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
0
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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
force [N]
velocity [km/h]
equipped with PEMS given by the manufacturer
Coast Down with PEMS / Values given by the manufacturer
• road load with PEMS 20% higher• increased rolling resistance
and aerodynamic drag
30/04/2015 14IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
NEDC CO2 values
-> CO2 Emissions 8% higher with PEMS road load30/04/2015 15IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Resulting needs:
• Weight reduction
• Reduction of the aerodynamic influence
• Flexible design of the system
• No generator for power supply
• Shorter set-up times
• Clarification of safety aspects
(burnable gas (FID) in the interior, exhaust gases in the
interior, accident prevention regulations)
30/04/2015 16IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
PEMS for passenger cars 1st generation
Light Duty PEMS:
• Exhaust Flow Meter • NDIR: CO, CO2, • O2 - Sensor• NDUV: NO + NO2 = NOx• FID: THC
30/04/2015 17IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
PEMS for passenger cars 1st generation (2)
30/04/2015 18IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
PEMS for passenger cars 1st generation (3)
Battery
Manufacturer: Voltavision
Li‐Fe‐Battery
Measurement time: about 4h
Capacity: 200Ah
30/04/2015 19IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
PEMS for passenger cars currently used
30/04/2015 20IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
• No HC Measurement no FID no gas bottles inside the vehicle
• PEMS outside the car no exhaust gases inside the car
• Optional use of OBD data for exhaust flow calculation no EFM
Driving conditions in real traffic
Enginetemperature
Ambientconditions
Battery
Dynamicconditions
Driver
Engineload Engine
speed
Routecomposition
Traffic
30/04/2015 21IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
TÜV NORD PEMS-Route
TÜV NORD IFM Distance: 83 km Duration: about 105 minutes Urban Driving: about 34% Extra Urban Driving: about 33%Motorway Driving: about 33%(related to driven distance) Cumulated pos. altitude difference:
846 m/100km
30/04/2015 22IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
• There are 2 different data evaluation tools in discussion, the SPF tool (Standardized Power Frequency distribution) and the MAW tool (Moving Averaging Window). Both tools shall ensure emissionresults of „normal driving“.
• Ambient conditions (ambient temperature, altitude, humidity…) and driving conditions are discussed within the working group.
• Not to exceed factors need to be defined in dependence of drivingconditions and ambient conditions.
• Current proposal: Both evaluation methods shall be used for monitoring (both values to be recorded). With a revision clause to be introduced the final decision which tool becomes mandatory can be postponed to a later point in time where more detailed data is available.
Real-Driving-Emissions (RDE)
30/04/2015 23IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
0
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
MAW
CO2 Em
issions [g/km]
MAW Average Speed [km/h]
.
MAW_CO2
T_CURVE [CORRECTED]
T_CURVE_L1
T_CURVE_H1
WHTC_CO2
T_CURVE_L2
T_CURVE_H2
Example of a MAW evaluation
30/04/2015 24IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
out of range„severe“ driving„normal“ driving„soft“ driving
out of range
CO2 based Data Evaluation (MAW)
30/04/2015 25IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
MAW
CO2 E
missions [g/km]
MAW Average Speed [km/h]
.
MAW_CO2
T_CURVE [CORRECTED]
T_CURVE_L1
T_CURVE_H1
WHTC_CO2
T_CURVE_L2
T_CURVE_H2
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60
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120
140
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60
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160
180
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Vehicle Speed
Time [s]
.
MAW_Average_Speed
MAW_CO2
Vehicle_Speed
Comparison of SPF and MAW evaluation
30/04/2015 26IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
CO2 [g/km] NOx [g/km] CO [g/km] CO2 [g/km] NOx [g/km] CO [g/km]Total 190,91 0,79 0,22 125,93 0,32 0,16Urban 217,23 0,42 0,63 152,22 0,32 0,16
SPF ResultsWeighted Averrage
• CO2 is not the favorite parameter to analyse driving dynamics• Calculation of emission results with standardized power bins leads
to large varities in the results• Parameters reflecting the dynamic driving pattern are more
sufficient for the evaluation of „normal driving“• Calculation of emission results by an averaging approach (e.g.
MAW method)
Preliminary observations to TÜV NORD experiences
30/04/2015 27IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 28IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
DPF+
SCR Catalyst
NSC+
DPF
Engine setup andcalibration
+ DPF
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 29IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Stuttgart
Citytrip:
• Length about. 20 km• Max. difference in altitude about. 250m
Starting at Start/End going lefthand alongthe City Ring, further along Neckartor, Cannstatter Str. to the river Neckar bridge. Turning around going back alongB14 to Hohenheimer Str.Uphill the Hohenheimer Str. along theNeue Weinsteige till Degerloch, turn back at Albplatz going down to Start/End.
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 30IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Stut
tgar
t
Stut
tgar
t, ur
ban
and
rura
l:•
Leng
thab
out
54,5
km
•M
ax. d
iffer
ence
in a
ltitu
deab
out
275
m
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 31IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
München
Citytrip:
• Length about 10,9 km• Max. difference in
altitude about 15 m
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 32IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Garmisch
Rural / Motorway:
• Length about 91,5 km• Max. difference in
altitude about 345 m
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 33IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
NOx in mg/km
Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit in km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 6 D
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 5 D
Fahrzeug 1
alle Fahrten, Fz 1
alle Fahrten, Fz 1, v_ave < 35 km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 6 D, v_ave < 35 km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 5 D, v_ave < 35 km/h
Grenzwert NEFZ
Average speed in km/h
Vehicle 1
all trips Vehicle 1
all trips Vehicle 1, v_ave < 35 km/h
Limit NEDC
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 34IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
NOx in mg/km
Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit in km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 6 D
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 5 D
Fahrzeug 2
alle Fahrten, Fz 2
alle Fahrten, Fz 2, v_ave < 35 km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 6 D, v_ave < 35 km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 5 D, v_ave < 35 km/h
Grenzwert NEFZ
Vehicle 2
all trips Vehicle 2
all trips Vehicle 2, v_ave < 35 km/h
Limit NEDC
Average speed in km/h
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 35IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
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400
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
NOx in mg/km
Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit in km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 6 D
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 5 D
Fahrzeug 3
alle Fahrten, Fz 3
alle Fahrten, Fz 3, v_ave < 35 km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 6 D, v_ave < 35 km/h
HBEFA 3.2, Euro 5 D, v_ave < 35 km/h
Grenzwert NEFZ
Vehicle 3
all trips Vehicle 3
all trips Vehicle 3, v_ave < 35 km/h
Limit NEDC
Average speed in km/h
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 36IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
0
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200
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
eNOx in mg/km
v_ave in km/h
Stuttgart, innen, T30
Stuttgart, innen, T40
Stuttgart, innen, T50
Stuttgart, außen
München, T50
München, mitschwimmen
Garmisch
Überführung
Fahrzeug 1
München
Stuttgart, Stadt
Stuttgart, außerorts
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 37IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
eNOx in mg/km
v_ave in km/h
Stuttgart, innen, T30
Stuttgart, innen, T40
Stuttgart, innen, T50
Stuttgart, außen
München, T50
München, mitschwimmen
Garmisch
Überführung
Fahrzeug 2
München
Stuttgart, Stadt
Stuttgart, außerorts
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 38IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
0
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200
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
eNOx in mg/km
v_ave in km/h
Stuttgart, innen, T30
Stuttgart, innen, T40
Stuttgart, innen, T50
Stuttgart, außen
München, T50
München, mitschwimmen
Garmisch
Überführung
Fahrzeug 3
München
Stuttgart, StadtStuttgart, außerorts
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 39IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
y = ‐0,0225x2 + 5,8513x + 159,14R² = 0,9575
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
eNOx in mg/km
RPA/v_ave*1000*n_peak/km in 1/s
Fahrzeug 1, innerorts, T30, ST
Fahrzeug 1, innerorts, T40, ST
Fahrzeug 1, innerorts, T50, ST
Poly. (Fahrzeug 1, innerorts, T50, ST)
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 40IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
y = ‐0,0121x2 + 5,6137x + 121,03R² = 0,9563
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
eNOx in mg/km
RPA/v_ave*1000*n_peak/km in 1/s
Fahrzeug 2, innerorts, T30, ST
Fahrzeug 2, innerorts, T40, ST
Fahrzeug 2, innerorts, T50, ST
Poly. (Fahrzeug 2, innerorts, T50, ST)
Results of PEMS tests with Euro 6 vehicles
30/04/2015 41IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
y = ‐0,0058x2 + 3,0104x + 319,73R² = 0,8789
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
eNOx in mg/km
RPA/v_ave*1000*n_peak/km in 1/s
Fahrzeug 3, innerorts, T30, ST
Fahrzeug 3, innerorts, T40, ST
Fahrzeug 3, innerorts, T50, ST
Poly. (Fahrzeug 3, innerorts, T50, ST)
Thank you for your attention!
30/04/2015 42IFM - Drivetrain / Emissions Passenger cars / Motorcycles Emissions / Perfomance / Consumption
Martin KleinebrahmAdress TÜV NORD Mobilität GmbH & Co. KG
Institut für Fahrzeugtechnik und MobilitätAdlerstraße 745307 Essen
Telefon +49 (0) 201 825 4158
Fax +49 (0) 201 825 4109
Email [email protected]