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Introduction to Landfill GasUse and the U.S. Landfill GasIndustry
Presented By:
Shelley CohenU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Landfill M ethane Outreach Program (LM OP)
June 25, 2001
Training W orkshop
Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Presentation Outline
Global W aste M anagem ent Trends
Overview of Landfill Gas
Benefits of Utilizing Landfill Gas
US Policies and Program s Affecting theLandfill Gas Industry
Future of the LFG industry
The US EPA’ s Landfill M ethane OutreachProgram
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Global W aste M anagem entTrends...
Global TrendsIncrease in per capita wastegeneration rates
Increase in total waste quantities
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… and problem s
Lack of waste collection and m anagem entinfrastructure
Lack of available andsuitable disposalfacilities
Lack of basicinform ation onsolid waste
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Im pacts of Increasing W aste
Hum an HealthDisease
Fum es
Environm entAir Quality
W ater Quality
Land Use
VegetativeDistress
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Solutions for Dealing withW aste
Integrated Solid W aste M anagem entReduce waste produced
Reuse/Recycle
Determ ine DisposalM ethods
Landfilling
Com posting
Other
Be aware: creating m anaged landfill sites willincrease landfill gas em issions
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W hat is Landfill Gas?
hLandfill Gas (LFG) is created when wastein a landfill decomposes under anaerobic-- or oxygen free -- conditions
hLFG is approximately:50% methane45% carbon dioxide5% Non-methaneOrganic Compounds(NMOCs)
Carbon Dioxide
45%
Air toxins5%
Methane50%
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Uncontrolled Landfill GasConcerns
SafetyFire
Explosion
Asphyxiation
Air QualityNM OC em issionscontribute to sm og
Odor
Greenhouse gasem issions
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Landfill Gas Generation
Generated for years, depending oncertain factors:waste com position
waste quantity
m oisture content
pH
m anagem ent of waste
others
After a landfill stops receiving waste,m ethane generation will decline
01020304050607080
Time
MethaneGenerationCurve
Landfill Closes
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Clim ate Change:Contributing Gases
CO 2
66%
M ethane18%
NO 2
5%
Source: IPCC (1990)
CFCs/PFCs11%
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W hy Reduce LFG Em issions
Using landfill gas reduces em issions ofm ethane, a potent green house gas, andbenefits the environm ent
M ethane is 21 tim es m ore potent than carbondioxide (CO 2)
G lobal em issions will increase as developingcountries im prove landfilling practices
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W ays to Reduce Landfill GasEm issions
Flaring
Using Landfill Gas for Energy
Landfill Gas, when used forenergy, actually rem ovespollution from the air
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W hat can you do withLandfill Gas?W hat can you do withLandfill Gas?
Landfill Gas UsesElectric generationDirect useEmerging technologies
GreenhousesVehicle FuelMicroturbinesHigh Btu UpgradesLeachate TreatmentOn-site uses
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Environm ental and Econom icBenefits of Using Landfill Gash Reduce air toxins which contribute to local airpollution
h Im prove overall m anagem ent of the landfill site
h Reduce Odor
h Reduce explosions and fires at the landfill
h Im prove safety in the surrounding areas
h Lower em issions from displacing coal or oil
h Revenue m ay be generated from the sale of the gas
h Source of “Renewable” or “Green” Energy
h Projects are able to be replicated internationally
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State of the US Landfill GasIndustry
LFG project developm ent started in the US in the1970s
86 operational projects in 1990
142 operational in 1995
The LFG Industry is thriving330 Operational Projects57 Projects Under Construction153 Planned Projects
G reat potential for future project developm entApproxim ately 550 landfills could econom ically developa landfill gas recovery project
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State of the US Landfill GasIndustry
The industry has thrived since 1990
If all planned projects m ove forward, theLM OP expects410-430 operational projects by 2002
480-500 operational projects by 2005
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Growth in LFG UtilizationProjects in the US
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
NSPS/EG
Non-NSPS/EG
Pre-NSPS/EG
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New LFG Projects Per Yearin the US
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
43 in2000
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Technology Trends at USLandfill Gas Projects
Count Capacity (MW) Count Capacity (MW) Count Capacity (MW)Reciprocating Engine 173 536 35 118 58 168Gas Turbine 27 157 1 15 - -Steam Turbine 8 125 - - - -Combined Cycle 6 67 - - - -Cogeneration 2 8 - - 1 1Fuel Cell 1 <1 - - - -Microturbine 1 <1 - - - -
TOTALS 218 893 36 133 59 169
Operating Projects Projects Under Construction Planned ProjectsUtilization Technology
& Currently 2/3 of operational project generate electricity& Operation projects represent alm ost 900 M W& Potential for 95 projects
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2020
Technology Trends at USLandfill Gas Projects
Trend toward m ore direct-use projects21 operational in 1990112 operational in 2001Projects slated to double to 225
Utilization Technology
Operating Projects
Projects Under Construction
Planned Projects
Direct Thermal 31 7 26Boiler 26 1 5Leachate Evaporation 19 3 4High Btu 15 6 7Medium Btu 9 3 2Greenhouse 5 - 4Liquefied Natural Gas 1 - -Vehicle Fuel 1 - 1Methanol Synthesis - - 1Unknow n 5 1 44
TOTALS 112 21 94
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Technology Trends:1991 Through 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1991-1992 1993-1994 1995-1996 1997-1998 1999-2000
Year
Recip. Engine - ElectricityGas Turbine - ElectricityOther - ElectricityDirect - Therm alBoiler - Therm alOther - Therm al
19 27 30 86 80Num ber of Projects
Percent
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Sum m ary of TechnologyTrends
Growth in Direct Use Projects
Greater Diversity in Project Types
LFG utilization is proven, cost effective, andsuccessful
Selection of technology is site specific
Technologies exist for low and high volum es ofLFG production
Niche technologies are gaining popularity, butare slow to em erge
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Trends Affecting the USLandfill Gas Industry
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Energy Supply
The current US energy situation is likely toincrease the com petitiveness of LFGRecent energy shortages
Rising natural gas prices
Growing awareness that renewable energycould be an econom ically viable alternative toconventional fuel
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WA MT
IDOR
NV
CA
AK
WY
UT CO
NMAZ
ND
TX
OK
KS
NE
SD
MN
IA
MO
IL
WI
MI
IN OH
KY
TNAR
LAMS AL
GA
SC
NC
WV
PA
NY
ME
FL
MDVADE
NJCT RI
MA
VTNH
HI
DC
Utility Restructuring
11 restructured states include renewableportfolio standards (RPS) as part of theirpower portfolioRPS m ay increasedem and forrenewable sources,including LFGTexas: 2000 M W
by 2009Reliant: 44 M W
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Green Power/Green Pricing
A recognized renewable resource
Am ong the m ost cost-com petitiveof renewable resource options
Green pricing opportunitiesAt least 80 utilities have developedor plan to develop green pricingprogram s
Custom ers are willing to payfor green power
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Alternative Financing Options
New state/local econom ic incentives haveem erged to help offset project costs
GrantsLow-interest loansTax credits
Project partners have diversified their fundingsources and rely less on direct project revenues
Som e federal program are still offeringgrants/loans
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Em issions Credits
In the US, projects are reporting em issionsreductions from their projectscreate record of reductions
prepare for trading possibilities
International Trades for Em issionsReductions CreditsZAPCO/Ontario Power
New Jersey/Netherlands
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Innovative Ideas
Renewable energy parksLFG developers considering the co-locating PVpanels, fuel cells, and wind turbines at landfills
Photos courtesy of NREL
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Innovative Ideas
New technologies and applications m akelandfill gas projects at sm aller landfillsm ore feasibleM icroturbines
Greenhouses
GreenhouseBurlington, NJ
M icroturbineCourtesy of Capstone M icroturbines
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Innovative Ideas
Project EfficiencyExam ine ways to extract gas m ore effectivelyfrom the landfill
M ore gas extraction, greater profitsAdditional wells
Replacing wells
W ell cleaning
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The US EPA ’ s LandfillM ethane Outreach Program
W hat is the LM OP?Voluntary Partnership Program
W hat do we do?Help overcom e barriers to project developm ent
W ork hand-in-hand with regulations
Provide products and services
Create partnership and networking opportunities
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Let the LM OP Help
Technical informationProject Development HandbookTechnical Fact Sheets
Technical AssistanceAssistance tailored toindividual landfill needs
Networking OpportunitiesWorkshopsNewsletters
Marketing Assistance
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Dom estic Activities
LM OP assisted indevelopm ent of over170 LFGTE projects
Currently LFGTEprojects haveprevented m ethaneem ission equivalent to:
Planting 3 m illion acres offorest
Rem oving 2 m illion carsfrom the road
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International Activities
Bangkok,Thailand
M anila, thePhilippines
Anshan, China
Other CountriesM exico
Russia
Brazil
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International Assistance
hThree types of Support:h Training and on-site technical support:
h Assist with project identification, assessment, design, end-user identification, and development
h Financing:h Work with international agencies and the private sector to
locate appropriate financing
h Outreach:h Work with project partners to communicate project benefits
on local and national levels
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Contact Inform ation
Shelley Cohen202.564.9797, [email protected]
5th Annual LMOP Conference &Project Expo-- December 12-14, 2001-- Washington, DCWatch the web site for more information
www.epa.gov/lmop