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Receiving Antenna MetricsWith Examples
Jukka Klemola OH6LI Feb 13th 2018
Steps Beyond Gain and F/B
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Practical● Presentation is longer than typically seen on
WWROF● We will have a short break at about 45 minutes● All antenna model files and the Excel Workbook
RX Ant Metrics will be availale via WWROF
● As you have questions, please write them down. Presentation is long
● Q&A at the end
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Contributors● Markku OH2RA● Dan AC6LA ● Frank W3LPL ● Reino OH3MA ● Maik DJ2QV● Ward N0AX
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Contents● Traditional Metrics Gmax, F/B● Receiving Directivity Factor● Directivity Merit Figure● Noise Margin● Leaking Index● Receiving antennas for residential locations● Better decent size antennas for rural locations
● Linear Inline Receiving Array
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Antenna Gain Maximum
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Antenna Gain Maximum
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Antenna Front-to-Back
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Antenna Front-to-Back
16,1 dB
16,1 dB
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Antenna Front-to-Back
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Cardioid Pattern Antenna0.5wl BOG, Flag, 2xGP
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Cardioid Pattern Antenna
-3 dB -3 dB
-3 dB
-3 dB
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Cardioid Pattern Antenna
-3 dB -3 dB
-3 dB
-3 dB
For a receiving antennaWhich is considered the 'Better' directionThe receiving sector on right orThe attenuated sector on the left?
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Cardioid Pattern Antenna
-6 dB or better
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Cardioid Pattern Antenna
-12 dB or better
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Modern Metrics
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Receiving Antenna RDF
RDF is Maximum Gain Average Gain
Calculated through full hemisphere
Receiving Directivity Factor
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Receiving Antenna RDF
RDF is Maximum Gain [dB] – Average Gain [dB]
Calculated through full hemisphere
Receiving Directivity Factor
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Receiving Antenna RDF
RDF is
Available in EZNEC, AutoEZ, 4nec2
Receiving Directivity Factor
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Receiving Antenna RDF
RDF
Principle introduced by John Devoldere, ON4UN, Low Band DXing, Chapter 7
Receiving Directivity Factor
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Receiving Antenna RDF
RDF is
3D numeric calculation
Receiving Directivity Factor
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Receiving Antenna DMFDirectivity Merit Figure
DMF is Maximum Gain [dB] – Back Half Average Gain [dB]
Calculated through back half hemisphere
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Receiving Antenna DMFDirectivity Merit Figure
DMF is
Introduced as a 3D item John Devoldere, ON4UN Low Band DXing, Chapter 7
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Receiving Antenna DMFDirectivity Merit Figure
DMF is
Not available
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Receiving Antenna DMFDirectivity Merit Figure
DMF is
Not available
Solution release in this presentation
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● Previously unanswered questions:
● Does my system hear noise from the band or am I limited by electronics thermal noise?
What are the Metrics Good For?
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What are the Metrics Good For?● Previously unanswered questions:
● Does my system hear noise from the band or am I limited by electronics thermal noise?
● How small my directional antenna can be and still receive the noise from the band?
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What are the Metrics Good For?● Previously unanswered questions:
● Does my system hear noise from the band or am I limited by electronics thermal noise?
● How small my directional antenna can be and still receive the noise from the band?
● Which antenna pattern is better?
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RX Antenna Development● Small antennas
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RX Antenna Development● Small antennas
● Flag, FO0AAA, DoubleKAZ, phased antennas● Optimize the antenna size● Solution proposal in this presentation
● Most antennas produce side lobes● Pattern may leak despite overall average is good
● Solution proposal in this presentation
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RX Antenna Development● New small antennas use a load to form the
pattern● Antenna's gain is typically negative in dBi● Need to design antenna system level sensitivity● Best S/N by cleanest pattern
+ adequate amplification
● Transmit antennas integrate all noise● Transmit antennas' receiving S/N grows by Gmax
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Antenna Metrics Development● Computers bring opportunities● True 3D pattern data available● Idea to Need to Requirement to Specification● Calculating is easy
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Antenna Pattern DataSample based 3D pattern into ExcelDan, AC6LA, made an automated input for MMANA Table Angle / Gainand for EZNEC and 4nec2 .pf3 filesMMANA uses MININEC EZNEC and 4nec2 use NEC
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Zenith, Azimuth, Gain at 1 degree resolutionFirst calculus to steradians
Math basics: hemisphere surface is 2 Pi
Antenna Pattern DataSample based 3D pattern into ExcelDan, AC6LA, made an automated input for MMANA Table Angle / Gainand for EZNEC and 4nec2 .pf3 filesMMANA uses MININEC EZNEC and 4nec2 use NEC
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Zenith, Azimuth, Gain at 1 degree resolutionFirst calculus to steradiansThen average gain to get RDF and back half average to get DMFMath basics:
hemisphere surface is 2 Pi
Data to MetricsSample based 3D pattern into ExcelDan, AC6LA, made an automated input for MMANA Table Angle / Gainand for EZNEC and 4nec2 .pf3 filesMMANA is MININEC while EZNEC and 4nec2 use NEC engine
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RX Ant Metrics WorkbookRead MMANA .csv File
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RX Ant Metrics WorkbookRead MMANA .csv File
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RX Ant Metrics WorkbookRead EZNEC or 4nec2 pf3 File
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RX Ant Metrics Outputs
Front sheet - Avg Gain RDF DMF
RDF algorithm same as EZNECDMF available as a new item
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RX Ant Metrics Outputs
Noise Margin estimates if the receiving system is limited by electronics thermal noiseThat is, if antenna's Average Gain is big enough to hear the band noise over the receiver's thermal electronics noise
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RX Ant Metrics Outputs
Leaking Index tells if the antenna pattern leaks outside the Main Lobe
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RX Ant Metrics Outputs
Summary of Metrics gives an easy to copypaste data set to a collection workbook
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New Antenna Metrics Explained
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● The Sky provides noise to antenna● Noise is mostly man-made or atmospheric● Directional antenna receives noise by
calculated average gain in relation to full hemisphere noise
● Smaller antenna with smaller amplification receives less noise
Noise Margin
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● The Sky provides noise to antenna● Noise is mostly man-made or atmospheric● Directional antenna receives noise by
calculated average gain in relation to full hemisphere noise
● Smaller antenna with smaller amplification receives less noise
● To hear the weak signals, the noise level received from the Sky must exceed the noise of electronics, the thermal noise, by a margin
Noise Margin
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● We can calculate the noise power we receive● Thermal electronics noise equals Noise Figure● We want to have a small, yet highly directive
antenna and receive the smallest possible signals
● That is, we want to hear the band noise at main lobe -3dB points and have the smallest feasible antenna
● We need to understand and evaluate the antenna system Noise Margin
Noise Margin
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Noise Level
ITU-R P.372-13
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Noise Level
ITU-R P.372-13
Shows 46 dB noise on 160 at 1Hz bandwidth for a quiet rural receiving site
64dB for a residential area receiving site
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Noise Level
ITU-R P.372-13
Shows 46 dB noise on 160 at 1Hz bandwidth for a quiet rural receiving site
64dB for a residential area receiving site
Validation for Noise Level comes from ITU
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Noise Level
ITU-R P.372-13
Shows 46 dB noise on 160 at 1Hz bandwidth for a quiet rural receiving site
64dB for a residential area receiving site
A B C Noise Levels are statistical median
D is minimum noise level expected
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Noise Distribution ● Noise distribution is even for dA(sr) steradian
surface elements through the hemisphere● Noise Mask can be used but Excel file size grows
from 5MB level to 8M+● Low angle man-made noise likely dominates● 0 to 2 degrees elevation gain is small, attenuates
the low angle noise, lowers importance● Low angle emphasizing noise mask algorithm
prototyping showed less than 1 dB difference● Noise Margin algorithm can be improved
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Noise Level
Calculate in dB:
Noise Level+ Antenna Gaverage
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Noise Level at Connector
Calculate in dB:
Noise Level+ Antenna Gaverage- Feed System Losses = Noise Level at antenna system output connector at Main Lobe Gmax
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Noise Level at -3dB points
Calculate in dB:
Noise Level+ Antenna Gaverage- Feed System Losses- 3 dB = Noise Level at antenna system output connector at Main Lobe – 3 dB points
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Receiver Noise Figure
RX Noise Figure Receiver Noise Figure stands on the bottom, limiting the receiving system sensitivity
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Noise Margin
Calculate in dB:
Noise Level+ Antenna Gaverage - Feed System Losses- 3 dB- RX Noise Figure = Noise Margin
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Noise Margin
Calculate in dB:
Noise Level+ Antenna Gaverage - Feed System Losses- 3 dB- RX Noise Figure = Noise Margin
Noise Margin gives room for Noise Level changes
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Noise Margin in RX Ant Metrics
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Noise Margin in RX Ant Metrics
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Leaking Index
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Leaking Index● Leaking Index tells how much the antenna
pattern leaks to unwanted directions
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Leaking Index● Leaking Index tells how much the antenna
pattern leaks to unwanted directions● Default 80 to 280 degrees Azimuth
● The antenna is better when● Smaller proportion of pattern leaks● Any leaking is attenuated more
● The percentage of leaking is calculated at three levels; Gmax -12 dB, -18 dB and -24 dB.
● Leaking Index is the average percentage of leaking at these three levels
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Leaking Index
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Leaking Index
280
8090
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Leaking Index80
280
90
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Leaking Index80
280
90
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Leaking Index80
280
90Three levels-12 dB-18 dB-24 dB
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Leaking Index in RX Ant Metrics
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Leaking Index in RX Ant Metrics
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Leaking Index Bottom Line● RDF and DMF are general averaging
calculations● Leaking Index brings up only the amount of
leaking● Leaking index calculates more than back half
and is configurable for narrower Main Lobes● Leaking Index can be the final decision making
criteria where RDF and DMF provide unclear differentiation between antennas
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Leaking Index Limitations ● Leaking index is currently limited to 0-90
elevation● Forward looking high elevation angles are not
counted in
● Leaking Index drives to improve the pattern to -24 dB level, not further
● Leaking Index algorithm can be improved
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Examples
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Examples● Various antenna examples● Also a new antenna concept
![Page 73: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Examples● FO0AAA triangle / delta● Beverage● Twin Triangle● Linear Inline targetX Antenna - LIXA● Staggered beverage● Linear Inline Receiving Array - LIRA
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Triangle Antenna
Load
Feed point
Idea from Earl K6SE
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Triangle AntennaTriangle Height 5.5m (18'4“)Bottom Wire Height 3m (10')Bottom Wire Length 8m (26'6“)Construction Width 3m (10') struts/guysWire 4mm CuLoad 820-850 ohm Feed 800 ohm
Load
Feed point
For all antennas
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Triangle AntennaTriangle Height 5.5m (18'4“)Bottom Wire Height 3m (10')Bottom Wire Length 8m (26'6“)Construction Width 3m (10') struts/guysWire 4mm CuLoad 820-850 ohm Feed 800 ohm
Easy to install feed pointLoad placement optimized for pattern
Load
Feed point
Almost like FO0AAA triangle/deltaby Earl K6SE
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Triangle Metrics
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Triangle RDF, DMF
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Triangle Noise Margin
![Page 80: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Triangle Noise MarginQuiet Rural QTH
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Triangle Noise MarginResidential QTH
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Triangle Noise Margin
-5.4 dB to 12.6 dB difference comes from change to Residential from Quiet Rural
Residential QTH
![Page 83: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Triangle Noise Margin
-5,4 dB to 12,6 dB difference comes from change to Residential from Quiet RuralThat equals receiving site Noise Level change from 46 dB to 64 dB
Residential QTH
![Page 84: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Triangle Leaking Index
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Comparison
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Bigger TriangleTriangle Height 7.5m (25')Bottom Wire Height 3m (10')Bottom Wire Length 15m (50')Construction Width 3m (10') struts/guysWire 4mm AlLoad 830-850 ohm Feed 800 ohm
![Page 87: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Bigger Triangle
![Page 88: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Comparison
Noise Margin increased to 2.1 dB from -5,4 dB
2,1 dB is not a good enough Noise Margin for the absolute most quiet QTH
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Smaller TriangleConstruction Height 6m (20')Bottom Wire Height 3m (10')Bottom Wire Length 5m (13'4“)Construction Width 2m (8') struts/guysWire 4mm AlLoad 740-760 ohm Feed 800 ohm
RESIDENTIAL
![Page 90: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Smaller Triangle RESIDENTIAL
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Comparison
Noise Margin shows 3,4 dB at a Residential QTH
For a 5 meters long antenna, the result is surprising
![Page 92: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Smaller Triangle 80mRESIDENTIAL
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Smaller Triangle 80mRESIDENTIAL
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Comparison
5 m long, 6m high Triangle antenna just about functions in a residential area QTH
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Beverage 170mTotal construction length 170m (558')Wire height 3m (10')Construction width 2m (6'7“) with strutsLoads 820-850 ohmFeed 800 ohm (0 and 180 deg)
Load 450 ohmFeed 600 ohm
![Page 96: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Beverage 170m
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Beverage 170m
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Beverage 170m Leaking Index
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Comparison
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Beverage 250m
![Page 101: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Beverage 250m Leaking Index
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Beverage 250m
![Page 103: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Comparison
Beverages show their power compared to the smallest antennas
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Twin TriangleTotal construction length 58m (190')Bottom wires at 3m (10')Bottom wire lengths 24m (78'9“) Triangle height 9,5m (31'2“)Construction Width 3m (10')Wire 4mm AlLoads 840-860 ohmFeed 800 ohm (0 and 180 deg)
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Twin Triangle
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Twin Triangle RDF DMF
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Twin Triangle Noise Margin
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Twin Triangle Leaking Index-12 dB or better attenu-ation level area wider than Leaking Index default 80-280 degrees
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Twin Triangle Leaking Index-12 dB or better attenu-ation level area wider than Leaking Index default 80-280 degrees
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Twin Triangle Leaking Index-12 dB or better attenu-ation level area wider than Leaking Index default 80-280 degrees
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Comparison
Notice !!
RDF gets worseDMF stays exactly the sameLeaking Index improves
However, Noise Margin is too small for the most quiet QTH
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Smaller Twin TriangleTotal construction length 25m (82')Bottom wires at 3m (10')Bottom wire lengths 8m (26'3“)Triangle height 6.5m (21'4“)Construction width 3m (10')Loads 780-800 ohmFeeds 800 ohm (0 and 180 deg)
RESIDENTIAL
![Page 113: Receiving Antenna Metrics With Examples...Comparison. LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double Delta This prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4A Noise performance](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071415/610f9ddb11351843230cf512/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Smaller Twin TriangleRESIDENTIAL
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Smaller Twin TriangleRESIDENTIAL
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Comparison
Notice !!
RDF worse than 250m beverageDMF 1.7 dB better than 250m beverageLeaking Index improves clearly
Noise Margin too small to ensure hearing the weakest possible signals even at Residential QTH
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Smaller Twin Triangle 80mRESIDENTIAL
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Smaller Twin Triangle 80mRESIDENTIAL
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Smaller Twin Triangle 80m
Residential QTH
Quiet rural QTH
Total construction length 25m (82ft)
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Comparison
Smaller Twin Triangle gives solid performance on 80, marginal on 160 at a Residential area QTH
DMF and Leaking Index win over a 250m long beverage
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LIXA proto
Total construction length 22.8m (74'9“)Bottom wires at 2.4m (7' 10“)Material 4mm AluminumTriangle height 5.4m (17'8“)Construction width 3m (10')Load 800 ohmFeed 800 ohm
Linear Inline targetX Antenna
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LIXA protoLinear Inline targetX Antenna
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LIXA proto
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Comparison
LIXA has a little better pattern than DHDL or Double DeltaThis prototype is dual band 160/80, under testing at OH4ANoise performance is marginal on 80, should be better on 160OH4A QTH is not the most quiet
Also a dual rectangle version, feed and loads at low corners, is under testing
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2x LIRA
Total construction length 83m (272'4“)Bottom wires at 2.4m (7' 10“)Material 4mm AluminumTriangle height 8.1m (26'7“)Construction width 3m (10')Loads 920 ohmFeeds 600 ohm (180 deg phase)
Named after idea generator OH2RA
Linear Inline Receiving Antenna
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2x LIRALinear Inline Receiving Antenna
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2x LIRA
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Comparison
New performance level RDF still worse than 250m beverageDMF and Leaking Index show exceptional performance Antenna total land area 83 x 3 m
Noise Margin too small for the most Quiet Rural QTH
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Staggered 320m Beverages
Construction length 360m (1181 ft)Height 3m (10')Width 100m (328')Feed 500 ohm, 90 deg phasingLoads 450 ohm
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Staggered 320m Beverages
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Staggered 320m Beverages
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Comparison
RDF is benchmark 14.8 dBDMF dropped to 25.9 dB from 30.1 dB of 2x LIRALeaking Index increased to 15% from 4,6%
2x LIRA gives a good challenge to staggered beverages of 360x100m as a 83x3m land area antenna
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2x LIRA in Picture
2x LIRAFirst prototype
Under testing since Dec 2016
Southeastern Finland
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4x LIRAMaximum Performance Receiving Antenna
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4x LIRAMaximum Performance Receiving Antenna
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4x LIRAMaximum Performance Receiving Antenna
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4x LIRAMaximum Performance Receiving Antenna
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4x LIRAMaximum Performance Receiving Antenna
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4x LIRAMaximum Performance Receiving Antenna
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Comparison
RDF is same as staggered long beverages 14.8 dBDMF increased to 37,6 dB – much better than any other antennaLeaking Index 0 %
4x LIRA searches for a test locationExcellent usage for 216x3m land area
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Maximizing own QTH?● New tools open up new possibilities in finding
the best alternative also to residential QTH operators
● You do not need a big land area to improve● If you have a big land area, there is room and
now also an opportunity for improvement
● Set criteria, compare, choose, design, build and Operate
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Conclusion● One or two numbers alone is too simplified way
to look at receiving antenna performance● Noise Margin is a new amplification metric
● For pattern quality the RDF, DMF, Leaking Index and any combination are now available
● Receiving antenna metrics develop with computing capabilities
● Future: optimizing based on new metrics