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Recent Advances in UV TechnologyBy
Dr. G. Elliott Whitby
Suntec environmental
106 Rayette Road, Unit #1
Concord, Ontario, Canada L4K 2G3
November 15, 2002
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PRESENTATION OUTLINEPRESENTATION OUTLINE
LATEST ADVANCES
1. UV Lamps
2. Cleaning Systems
3. Need for the Bioassay
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DIFFERENT LAMP TYPESDIFFERENT LAMP TYPES
1. Low-Pressure Low Output
2. Low-Pressure High Output
3. Medium Pressure
4. Pulsed Power
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HIGHER OUTPUT LOW PRESSURE LAMPSHIGHER OUTPUT LOW PRESSURE LAMPS
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OPERATION OF A LOW-PRESSURE MERCURY LAMP
Cathode Anode
Quartz Tube
UV Light
Germicidal lamps operate electrically on the same principle as fluorescent lamps.
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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LAMP OUTPUTEFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LAMP OUTPUT
Optimum
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EFFECT OF INCREASING LAMP CURRENT G64T5LEFFECT OF INCREASING LAMP CURRENT G64T5L
11.21.41.61.8
22.22.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Temperature C
UV
Inte
nsity
mW
/cm2 G64T5L 525 mA
G64T5L 425 mA
37.5 % Increase in UV Light
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The Effect of Water Temperature on the Output of theThe Effect of Water Temperature on the Output of the SuntecSuntec environmentalenvironmentalGXO74T5LS High Output and the G64T5L Low Output LampGXO74T5LS High Output and the G64T5L Low Output Lamp
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5 10 15 20 25 30
Water Temperature oC
UV
Out
put
mW
/cm
2
GXO74T5LS
G64T5L
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SUNTEC 500 WATT AMALGAM LAMPSUNTEC 500 WATT AMALGAM LAMP
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LOW PRESSURE MERCURY AMALGAM LAMPLOW PRESSURE MERCURY AMALGAM LAMP
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EFFECT OF THE AMALGAM IN AIREFFECT OF THE AMALGAM IN AIR
A.G. Jack IEE Proc. Vol. 127Pt. A. No. 3, April 1980
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EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON THE 500 WATT AMALGAM LAMPTHE 500 WATT AMALGAM LAMP
R2 = 0.0158
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Water Temperature °C
UV
Flu
ence
Rat
e m
W/c
m2
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COMPARISON OF G64T5L, LPX200 AND LPX500COMPARISON OF G64T5L, LPX200 AND LPX500
11.5
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Flow in USGPM per Lamp
Log
N/N
o
LPX500G64T5L
LPX200
Fecal Coliforms
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LONGER LAMP LIFELONGER LAMP LIFE
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EFFECT OF LAMP AGE ON THE UV OUTPUT OF EFFECT OF LAMP AGE ON THE UV OUTPUT OF THE G64T5LTHE G64T5L
Noesen et al., WEFTEC 1999
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EFFECT OF COATING ON THE UV LAMP OUTPUT EFFECT OF COATING ON THE UV LAMP OUTPUT OF THE G64T5LOF THE G64T5L
Giller, Disinfection 2000
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OUTPUT OF THE LPX200 LAMP WITH TIMEOUTPUT OF THE LPX200 LAMP WITH TIME
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
HoursPerc
ent O
utpu
t Aft
er 1
00 H
ours
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MEDIUM PRESSURE LAMPSMEDIUM PRESSURE LAMPSHIGHER UV OUTPUTHIGHER UV OUTPUTLONGER LAMP LIFELONGER LAMP LIFE
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CONSTRUCTION OF THE MEDIUM PRESSURE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MEDIUM PRESSURE MERCURY LAMPMERCURY LAMP
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EFFECT OF LAMP DIAMETEREFFECT OF LAMP DIAMETER
Giller, IUVA Singapore Oct Nov 2002
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EFFECT OF PINCH COATINGEFFECT OF PINCH COATING
Giller, IUVA Singapore Oct Nov 2002
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EFFECT OF HALOGENS ON LAMP LIFEEFFECT OF HALOGENS ON LAMP LIFE
Giller, IUVA Singapore Oct Nov 2002
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COMPARISON OF A LOW AND MEDIUM COMPARISON OF A LOW AND MEDIUM PRESSURE MERCURY LAMPSPRESSURE MERCURY LAMPS
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STUDY BY GRAY & OSBORNE ON POWER USE BY UVSTUDY BY GRAY & OSBORNE ON POWER USE BY UVWEFTEC, 2000 ANAHEIM, CAWEFTEC, 2000 ANAHEIM, CA
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IMPROVED CLEANING SYSTEMSIMPROVED CLEANING SYSTEMS
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CLEANING SYSTEMS BRIEF HISTORYCLEANING SYSTEMS BRIEF HISTORY
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LPX200/500 ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION SYSTEMLPX200/500 ULTRAVIOLET DISINFECTION SYSTEM•A non-chemical method of cleaning the quartz sleeves•Fully programmable cleaning cycle•Scrapers are easily replaced•Electrically driven, no air or hydraulic fluids•Free floating scrapers follow the contours and alignment of the quartz sleeves
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LPX200/500 Ultraviolet Disinfection SystemLPX200/500 Ultraviolet Disinfection System
Control UV System
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LPX200/500 Ultraviolet Disinfection SystemsLPX200/500 Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems
UV System with Added Iron
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LPX200 FLOW PER LAMP VERSUS FECAL LPX200 FLOW PER LAMP VERSUS FECAL COLIFORMSCOLIFORMS
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Flow in Litres per Minute per Lamp
Feca
l Col
iform
s pe
r 10
0 m
L
Typical Limit for Fecal Coliforms
Wastewater CharacteristicsFecal Coliforms per 100 mL 73,000Total Suspended Solids < 5.0 mg/LPercent Transmission at 254 nm 68 %
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EFFECT OF IRON ON THE FECAL COLIFORMS EFFECT OF IRON ON THE FECAL COLIFORMS AFTER UV DISINFECTIONAFTER UV DISINFECTION
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Hours
Added IronNo Iron
Log
N/N
o of
the
Feca
l Col
iform
s
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THE NEED TO HAVE A METHOD FOR THE NEED TO HAVE A METHOD FOR COMPARING DIFFERENT UV SYSTEMSCOMPARING DIFFERENT UV SYSTEMS
A STANDARD BIOASSAYA STANDARD BIOASSAY
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WHY PERFORM A BIOASSAYWHY PERFORM A BIOASSAY• With the introduction of electronic ballasts and proprietary lamps all the UV
systems are different.
• Allows the comparison of low and medium pressure UV lamps.
• A standardized bioassay allows the direct comparison of different UV systems and this allows the consultant to tell each manufacturer how many lamps they must use to deliver a specific UV fluence.
• Under the proper conditions a bioassay insures that the UV fluence or UV dose claimed by the manufacturer is actually delivered by the UV equipment.
• A bioassay confirms the UV output of the UV lamps under actual operating conditions as versus measurements in air.
• A bioassay eliminates any disagreements that may take place over how to calculate the UV fluence within a reactor.
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LAMP AND BALLAST COMPARISONLAMP AND BALLAST COMPARISON
45 %40 %57 %32 %41 %Efficiency excluding the ballast
42 %38 %52 %30 %37.7 %Efficiency including the Ballast
106125 W139.9 W65 to 70 W32 WUVC Watts
1.6 to 2.0 A3.3 A3.3 A1.1 A0.525 ALamp Current (A)
235310 W247.2 W210 W78 WPower to the Lamp
ElectronicElectronicElectronicElectronicElectronicBallast
250 W330 W271.5 W225 W85 WPower to the lamp and Ballast
Company CPublications etc
Company BLiterature etc
Company BTest Report
Company AG64T5LParameters
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Factors Affecting UV PerformanceFactors Affecting UV Performance
UV Transmission*
Suspended Solids
Hydraulics* (Retention Time, Turbulence)
Iron, Hardness, Dissolved Solids*
Wastewater Source*
Disinfection Requirement* (UV Fluence)
Lamp Output* (New, End of Life, % Germicidal Light)
*Tested by a Bioassay
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What is a Bioassay?What is a Bioassay?
It is a microbiological method of determining the delivery of UV light by a UV system under specific conditions of the UV unit and the water.
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How is a Bioassay Performed?How is a Bioassay Performed?Basic Steps in a Bioassay
1 Select a microorganism that is UV resistant, not pathogenic and easy to grow or is already present in the effluent
2 Irradiate the microorganisms with exact UV fluences to create a calibration curve of UV fluence versus log kill
3 Set-up an UV system to simulate worst case conditions of the lamps and water
4 Put the calibrated microorganisms through the UV unit at different flow rates and measure the numbers in the influent and effluent to get the log kill
5 Using the calibration curve create a curve of flow per lamp versus UVfluence
6 Create a report describing the exact test conditions
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BIOASSAY ON A UV SYSTEM WITH TWO BIOASSAY ON A UV SYSTEM WITH TWO LAMP CURRENTSLAMP CURRENTS
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Flow in Litre per Minute per Lamp
425 ma QS 23 by 20 mm525 ma QS 23 by 20 mm
Log
Kill
of M
S2 C
olip
hage
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Flow Through Test ResultsFlow Through Test Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Flow in Litres per Minute per Lamp
Flue
nce
mJ/
cm2
LPX200 Full Power
LPX200 60 % Power
G64T5L 525 mA 7.62cm Spacing
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Standard Test ProtocolsStandard Test ProtocolsNWRI/AWWARF UV Guidelines
Drinking water
Water reuse
ETV/EPA/NSF Program
Stormwater
Secondary Effluent
German and Austrian Standards
Drinking water
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SUNTEC SUNTEC environmentalenvironmentalWORLD LEADERS AND INNOVATORS OF UV TECHNOLOGY