AUTOVISIONPAPER PRESENTATION
Names: 1.Shrishant Patil. 2. Sagar Bahirje.
College: A.G.Patil Institute of Technology, Solapur
Mob. No.: 9637277047 (Shrishant Patil) 9766797897 (Sagar Bahirje)
Email ID: [email protected](Shrishant Patil)
[email protected](Sagar Bahirje)
Postal Add.: *Shrishant Patil 87, Vaishnavi Nagar -1,
Vijapur Road, Solapur. 413004.* Sagar Bahirje70/560 solapur Cooperative Society, South Sadar Bazaar, Sat Rasta, Solapur.
Paper Presentation on
BYShrishant Patil ([email protected])
Sagar Bahirje ([email protected])
A.G.PATIL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SOLAPUR
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents a study on the behavior of smart cars by considering them as
autonomous intelligent agents. In particular, a smart car could behave as autonomous agent
by extracting information from the surrounding environment (road, highway) and
determining its position in it, detecting the motion and tracking the behavioral patterns of
other moving objects (automobiles) in its own surrounding space, exchanging information via
internet with other moving objects (if possible) and negotiating its safety during travel with
the other moving objects. The ideas presented here are based on traffic rules that a smart car
has to know and the way to negotiate its safety by studying the other cars driving behavior
like an autonomous agent. A smart-vehicle system involves sensor-based systems, which
continuously evaluate the surroundings of the vehicle, display relevant information to the
driver and might even take control of the vehicle.
The first part of this paper looks into the technologies related to smart cars and
modern technologies to improve safety. These technologies are broken down into four broad,
distinct classifications of devices:
Collision avoidance,
Adaptive cruise control,
Imaging and
Navigational aids.
Collision-avoidance systems protect the occupant by preventing accidents.
Adaptive cruise control seeks to allow a car to maintain its speed and also its distance from
cars in front of it. Imaging aids enhance vision of humans in improper visibility situations.
Navigational aids assist drivers for better navigation.
The next part of the paper deals with the latest technologies developed by the
manufacturers all over the world, to make a vehicle “SMART”. A smart vehicle not only
takes care of passengers traveling in it but also of those using roads and other vehicles.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COLLISION AVOIDANCE
3. ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
4. IMAGING TECHNOLOGY
5. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
6. OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES
7. HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
8. VOLVO`S “SCC”
9. FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES
10. CONCLUSION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION:Just as the human brain coordinates memory, senses, thinking, and physical reaction
during driving, a vehicle needs a coordinating system to integrate the various capabilities of
information, safety, and automation technologies. This coordinating system is the defining
feature of a human-centered intelligent vehicle. Without it, the vehicle is simply a container
for potentially overlapping or conflicting technologies. In a smart vehicle, drivers will have
access to more information than they are traditionally accustomed. This includes information
on road and weather conditions, route directions, vehicle diagnostics, anti-collision warnings,
the driver's physiological status, etc. As a result, the vehicle itself must do some information
filtering, a process called "data fusion." Data fusion, however, is a complicated task, which
involves suppressing non-critical information -- such as "the nearest fast food restaurant is
two blocks to the left" -- when a safety-critical message -- such as "brake immediately" -- is
relayed to the driver. Data fusion must also consider how many messages a driver can receive
within a given period without becoming overwhelmed or distracted.
COLLISION AVOIDANCE:Collision-avoidance systems will expand the paradigm of traffic safety from
protecting the occupant of the vehicle to preventing accidents altogether.
Fig. 1: Collision Avoidance
General Motors and Delphi Delco Electronics system are currently testing one type of
collision avoidance system on Buick Lesabres. While many technical details are being kept
under raps, the new system promises to determine the potential for collisions based on data
about the car’s movement, the current driving environment and previous driver reactions
obtained from radar, laser range-finders and other onboard sensors. The system responds to
potentially hazardous situations by sounding a warning or, in the more pro-active concept
versions, automatically adjusting cruise control settings to compensate for and avoid the
danger.
Various systems combines an eye tracker, which checks where the driver is
looking, and differential global positioning system, which is designed to allow the system to
keep track of its location both on the planet and in relation to other similarly equipped
vehicles. In addition to all that, the system also integrates video equipment to monitor road
conditions and a laser rangefinder to aid in keeping track of other vehicles, combining
everything into one sleek package. This equipment can be used in order to signal to the driver
that other vehicles are occupying “blind spots” by displaying a red triangle on rear and side-
view mirrors. Unfortunately, this early version can only pick up moving objects, but they are
working hard to overcome this limitation.
John Pierowicz and his team at Veridian are working on a device that warns drivers of
upcoming stop signs. Their device integrates 3 separate radars to detect traffic signs; a unit
and a map database of the roads determine relative position, a Heads-Up-Display, and a
secondary braking system.
Whenever the vehicle determines that it is approaching a sign in an unsafe way, it
gives a physical cue on the Heads-Up-Display. As of right now, Veridian’s system is only
programmed to deal with stop signs, but they hope that it can be modified to assist drivers
merging onto major roads and maybe even to allow it to work with stop lights the same way
it does with stop signs. They’re also contemplating modifications to allow the system to
brake automatically on its own whenever it activates, rather than only issuing a passive
warning
Other safety innovations that are now in testing include automatic collision
notification systems, which will immediately signal for help if a vehicle's air bag deploys,
and drowsy-driver warning systems that will keep drivers from falling asleep at the wheel.
ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL:-
Fig 2: Detecting pedestrians, vehicles & obstacles and
Moving accordingly by braking or acceleration.
Adaptive cruise control is a new concept that is being explored by many automakers
and researchers for the Intelligent Vehicles Initiative. These systems seek to allow a car to not
only maintain its speed, like traditional cruise control, but also its distance from cars in front
of it. A perfect example is the system being developed for the Jaguar line of cars. To use it,
the driver simply enters a speed and a distance (in seconds) to keep between themselves and
the car in front of them. The System works like normal cruise control when the road is empty.
When another car is present, however, a Microwave radar mounted on the Jaguar measures
the distance to cars ahead and, a few equations to determine relative velocity, acceleration,
and position later, communicates to the brakes and throttle, adjusting velocity as necessary to
maintain the minimum following distance specified. Jaguar’s adaptive cruise control system
is currently available.
A competing adaptive cruise control concept, called the Platoon system, is also being
developed by the University of California. Two kinds of sensors were responsible for keeping
the vehicles bearings- 9 sensors monitored speed and engine performance, while actuators
controlled the throttle and brakes. An antenna mounted on each car allowed it to
communicate with the front few vehicles.
An adaptive cruise control system called Vita- Video Technology Application is
being researched by Mercedes-Benz. What makes this system unique is that rather than radars
and rangefinders, the Vita-Video approach uses stereo images from 2 cameras to collect data.
The two cameras scan road markings 12 times per second and scan for potential obstacles to
the side and back of the car. Mercedes is billing their system as a safeguard against tired
drivers that, in the future, will be able to brake, steer, and accelerate the vehicle on its own.
IMAGING TECHNOLOGY:-
Fig 3: Image detection using cameras & sensors.
Another area of study is how to enhance the vision of humans in situations where they
may not be able to see very clearly. Few companies are testing a concept similar to that used
in Night Vision Goggles, where sensors process differences between roadside temperatures
and those of objects ahead. The sensors send this information to a central computer, which
converts the information and uses it to put together images of the surrounding roadside that
are updated several times a second; this processed composite image then shows up on a
screen built into the dashboard.
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS:-
“Smart” Navigational
Systems
Fig 4 Navigational system
Communication and navigation systems are increasingly headed in this direction, and
will be loaded with even more intelligent features. A car's mobile phone or Internet
connection will be more than just a luxury toy. It will be integrated within a communicating
navigation unit that automatically tracks the actual location of the car and can reveal it if
necessary. So far, such systems have been used to track stolen cars and calculate traffic flows.
The latter option is still rather unpopular. From the driver's point of view, a communicating
navigation system is convenient because it dynamically chooses the best route by tracking the
actual location of the car. In other words, instead of theoretically suggesting the best way
from point A to point B, the system constantly gets information about road conditions and
traffic jams and uses it to suggest the most practical way from the car's current position to its
destination. With the help of Internet-based services, the navigation system can also tell the
driver about free parking lots or the cheapest nearby gas station. And for safety reasons, such
systems will announce this information through speakers instead of showing it on a display
OTHER FEARURES INVOLVED IN “SMART” VEHICLES:
SMART VISION:
Smart vehicles use a vision system to detect other vehicles, respond to traffic
signals, and avoid pedestrians and obstacles. Researchers at DaimlerChrysler Research (Ulm,
Germany) have built a smart-vehicle-theory demonstrator called the Urban Traffic Assistant
(UTA). The DaimlerChrysler research team has demonstrated that by using a multitude of
algorithms it can maintain separation from the vehicle ahead, see and respond to traffic
signals, and avoid pedestrians and obstacles while moving through urban traffic situations at
normal driving speeds under the supervision of a human driver.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL SMART CARD CAR KEYS
Fig 5: Smart Card
The idea that a personal smart card could replace your car keys is not futuristic.
Mercedes CL owners can already open their car with a contact less smart card developed by
Siemens. The motor starts after pushing a little ignition button, but only if the card is inside
the vehicle. Without it, no hairpin or fake key can help a thief start the car. The system also
prevents drivers from locking the car with the card inside, making it impossible to lock
oneself out. Again, the key-card is the more visible variation of a different security system
developed by Siemens, where a conventional metal key is equipped to exchange codes with
the starter unit. The engine management control unit only works if this unique code which is
randomly regenerated each time is correct.
Other than this intelligent key, the new smart cards have further advantages, as
demonstrated by Renault. Its middle class model Laguna is also opened using a smart card,
but here you have to put the card into a slot to start the car. What at first might seem less
practical enables the card to collect data about the automobile. Such information, including
that on mileage, gas, and oil consumption, makes it easier for drivers to keep track of when
the car has to be brought in for the next checkup. The card can also remember personal
settings for mirrors, seats, and the audio system.
Run-Flat Tires
Just hitting the market on a couple special interest automobiles, it won't be too long
before run-flat tires become extremely common. Goodyear recently announced its intention
to build such tires for most cars. But the really big shift will be when most new cars come
with tires that can keep on going even after a complete loss of air. They can't run indefinitely,
but can be used for about the same distance and at similar speeds as today's compact spares.
When automakers use these tires, it will eliminate the need for a spare tire, saving cargo
space and weight while improving fuel economy. The idea of never having to change a flat
tire is also a wonderful convenience for the driver.
Fig 6: Run Flat Tires
Smart Brakes
Fig 7: ABS
Anti-lock brakes (ABS) have been touted as being a major asset in the fight against
accidents, preventing cars from skidding on slippery surfaces. But ABS has not proven as
effective as its engineers had hoped. The problem is that people still don't know how to use
them. In many cases, people fail to push the brake pedal firmly enough at first. Braking is less
effective and a car travels quite a bit of extra distance
FIG 8: How to apply ABS
HANDS OFF COMMUNICATION
Spoken communication between cars and drivers will become increasingly
sophisticated, in order to reduce the number of distracting side-glances at displays. This will
also help to increase safety, because with mobile phones or car stereos efficiently controlled
by spoken commands, drivers can keep their eyes on the road. This is a field where silicon-
based security accompanies progress. The chips that Infineon has developed for speech
recognition are already used for voice control of mobile phones inside cars. It is too early to
say whether this development will one day lead to voice authentication of drivers, but once
there is a sophisticated speech unit inside a car, it could very well be used for a number of
purposes.
Smart Highways
A number of manufacturers are working with highway designers to make the roads
smarter. Tie in onboard computers with cars and people will have a more elaborate "cruise
control" function. Eventually, lines of cars will be able to travel along without human control,
perhaps at very rapid speeds in close proximity. A car would merge into a special lane at
specific access points and then be whisked along in a train of cars. Punch in your exit and the
car leaves the line at that point and normal driving control is returned to the driver. This
technology is still many years in the future, but testing is already going on in such places as
Tokyo and San Diego.
NEW SAFETY FEATURES
While this is a concept that has yet to be developed, special scanners in a car can already
locate the position of passengers and their heads (using rather rough biometric patterns) and
optimize the use of airbags. The lifesavers go off only if it is really necessary, because the
new mechanism recognizes when passengers are at risk of a collision. Unnecessary,
expensive airbag activation is avoided without reducing passenger safety. Other sensors
check tire pressure or the distance to the next car and warn the driver or react with a slight
automatic reduction of speed. Such intelligent safety features can reduce the number of
accidents and injuries. But if the intelligent car still gets into an accident, it will at least be
able to automatically phone an ambulance and give it precise directions to the accident site.
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:
Fig 10: schematic of hardware architecture
VOLVO’S “SCC”:
One of the more interesting concept cars to appear lately is Volvos Safety Concept
Car (SCC). The hallmark of the SCC is “superior vision” – that is, improving the sightlines
for the driver and providing more visual information.
Active rearview mirrors: Sensors in rear of the car alert the driver when a car is in
driver’s “blind spot”.
Rearward-facing cameras: To enhance rear visibility further the Volvo SSC has
several rear facing cameras mounted in the back the car. Images are displayed on a video
monitor in the instrument panel.
Adaptive headlights: The headlights monitor the car’s road speed and steering wheel
movements and adjust accordingly.
Night vision: Volvo proposes using infrared night vision in the SSC.
Collision warning sensors: If the distance to the car in front is too short, or the gap is
closing too fast, the SSC’s driver is alerted via a red warning light.
Flashing brake lights: If the driver has to brake suddenly and firmly, the SSC’s
brake lights automatically flash, warning drivers to the rear.
Lane centering: If the vehicle shows signs of veering to either side without activation
of turn signals, the driver is alerted via an acoustics signal. This is an excellent feature for
monitoring sleepiness or intoxication behind the wheels.
FUTURE EVOLUTION OF SMART VEHICLES:
In about 20 years, we could see fully automated highway systems, cooperative
systems of vehicles and infrastructure, and advances in the driver-vehicle interface, such as
use of vision enhancements and head-up displays.
1. Capabilities of Individual In-Vehicle Systems Will Improve :-
Most current systems, for example, provide routes based on "static" maps
irrespective of traffic considerations. Dynamic route guidance systems could determine
optimum routes based on prevailing "real-time" conditions on the roadway, such as the
location of bottlenecks caused by accidents or construction. Automated vehicles will
share many of the sensing elements of collision-avoidance systems and must also
possess an intelligence that can continuously assess the changing contexts and
circumstances of the driving environment.
2 Driver-Vehicle Interfaces Will Become Increasingly Sophisticated:-
The integration of individual in-vehicle technologies will be reflected in coordinated
and streamlined information displays and controls. Over time, the vehicle will become
increasingly sophisticated in how it communicates information to and accepts
commands from the driver. This sophistication will stem from the use of voice
recognition, head-up displays, and vision-enhancement technologies that can relay
information and commands and can also allow the driver to keep both hands on the
steering wheel. Voice recognition software is already becoming increasingly common
in Japanese in-vehicle navigation systems although it is still quite expensive for the
average consumer.
3 Intelligent Vehicles Will Communicate With Other Vehicles and With a Smart
Infrastructure:-
Communication with a smart infrastructure would allow an intelligent vehicle to
learn of incidents and then proactively suggest alternative routes in real time. Smart
vehicles could also act as probes that could send information about travel conditions
back to the infrastructure to create a richer base of knowledge about travel conditions
on roads and highways. In addition, fully automated vehicles will likely rely to some
extent on the guidance provided by an intelligent infrastructure and on communication
with other smart vehicles.
CONCLUSION: Smart vehicles make driving safer and comfortable. As an engineer we
must try to reduce fatalities caused by accidents. Slow reaction times, distractions,
misjudgments, all are costly reasons due to which accidents occur, There would be much less
fatalities if we provide automations as well as safety features.
Our job is to introduce new safety and automation technologies smart vehicles that are
advanced in various features like safety, efficiency, and economy.
The development in technologies will prove invaluable in man’s search for safer, comfortable
and an enjoyable drive.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:1. Look Ahead, Not Back: An Alternative System for Regional Public Transportation by
John S. Niles.
2. http://www.ce.unipr.it/people
3. http: //www.vision-systems.com
Automotive Engineering International
June 2002
4. NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/
5. http://www.howstuffworks.com