RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Lincoln’s Plan for Lincoln’s Plan for ReconstructionReconstruction

1865 – 1877: Period of 1865 – 1877: Period of Reconstruction Reconstruction Lincoln favored a lenient Reconstruction policy Lincoln favored a lenient Reconstruction policy December 1863, Lincoln announced his December 1863, Lincoln announced his Proclamation of Amnesty and ReconstructionProclamation of Amnesty and ReconstructionLincoln’s plan angered the Lincoln’s plan angered the Radical Radical Republicans, Republicans, led by led by Thaddeus Stevens Thaddeus Stevens and and Charles Sumner Charles Sumner Radicals responded to the Ten-Percent Plan by Radicals responded to the Ten-Percent Plan by passing the passing the Wade-Davis Bill Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill

Johnson’s PlanJohnson’s PlanLincoln’s assassination left Lincoln’s assassination left Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson in charge of in charge of the Reconstruction controversy the Reconstruction controversy May 1865, Johnson announced his plan – Presidential May 1865, Johnson announced his plan – Presidential Reconstruction:Reconstruction:– Each state would have to withdraw its secessionEach state would have to withdraw its secession– Swear allegiance to the UnionSwear allegiance to the Union– Annul Confederate war debtsAnnul Confederate war debts– Ratify the 13th amendment Ratify the 13th amendment

The Radicals were angry that the plan ignored former slaves The Radicals were angry that the plan ignored former slaves in three areas: land, voting rights, and prosecution under the in three areas: land, voting rights, and prosecution under the law law Southerners supported Johnson’s reconstruction plans Southerners supported Johnson’s reconstruction plans The remaining Confederate states quickly agreed to The remaining Confederate states quickly agreed to Johnson’s terms Johnson’s terms Dec. 1865, newly elected Southern legislators arrived in Dec. 1865, newly elected Southern legislators arrived in Washington Washington

Presidential Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction Comes to a StandstillComes to a Standstill

Congress refused to admit the newly elected Southern Congress refused to admit the newly elected Southern legislators legislators Moderate Republicans sought to push new laws to fix Moderate Republicans sought to push new laws to fix the weaknesses they saw in Johnson’s planthe weaknesses they saw in Johnson’s planFeb. 1866 – Congress voted to continue and enlarge the Feb. 1866 – Congress voted to continue and enlarge the Freedman’s Bureau Freedman’s Bureau Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866:Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866:– Gave African Americans citizenshipGave African Americans citizenship– Forbade passing of Forbade passing of black codes black codes

Black codes restored many of the restrictions of slavery Black codes restored many of the restrictions of slavery

Johnson shocked everyone by vetoing both the Johnson shocked everyone by vetoing both the

Freedman’s Bureau and the Civil Rights ActFreedman’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act

Congressional ReconstructionCongressional Reconstruction

Moderate and Radical Republicans came Moderate and Radical Republicans came together against Johnsontogether against Johnson

Congress drafted the Congress drafted the 14th Amendment 14th Amendment

Congress overrode Johnson’s veto on the Congress overrode Johnson’s veto on the Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act

Johnson urged Southerners to reject the Johnson urged Southerners to reject the 14th Amendment 14th Amendment

1868 Congressional Elections1868 Congressional Elections

Johnson went on tour with Ulysses S. Grant to urge Johnson went on tour with Ulysses S. Grant to urge people to support Presidential Reconstruction people to support Presidential Reconstruction Race riots in New Orleans and Memphis resulted in over Race riots in New Orleans and Memphis resulted in over 80 African American deaths 80 African American deaths Republicans gained 2/3 majority in Congress Republicans gained 2/3 majority in Congress Radicals and Moderated joined to pass the Radicals and Moderated joined to pass the Reconstruction Act of 1867Reconstruction Act of 1867– Didn’t recognize state governments formed under Lincoln or Didn’t recognize state governments formed under Lincoln or

Johnson’s plans Johnson’s plans – Divided other ten former Confederate states into 5 military districts Divided other ten former Confederate states into 5 military districts – Voters would elect delegates to draft new state constitutions Voters would elect delegates to draft new state constitutions – States needed to guarantee African American men the right to States needed to guarantee African American men the right to

vote and ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted to the Unionvote and ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted to the Union

Johnson vetoed the Reconstruction Plan of 1867Johnson vetoed the Reconstruction Plan of 1867

Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson’s Impeachment

Radical leaders looked for ways to Radical leaders looked for ways to impeach impeach Johnson Johnson

March 1867 – Congress passed the Tenure of March 1867 – Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act Office Act

Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

The House brought 11 charges of impeachment The House brought 11 charges of impeachment against Johnson against Johnson

March – May 1868, Johnson’s trial before the March – May 1868, Johnson’s trial before the SenateSenate

Ulysses S. Grant ElectedUlysses S. Grant Elected

Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour to Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour to run in the 1868 presidential election run in the 1868 presidential election

Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant

After the election, the Radicals introduced After the election, the Radicals introduced the the Fifteenth Amendment Fifteenth Amendment

Amendment ratified in 1870 Amendment ratified in 1870

Congress passed the Enforcement Act of Congress passed the Enforcement Act of 18701870

Conditions in the Postwar SouthConditions in the Postwar South

Congressional Reconstruction reigned supreme Congressional Reconstruction reigned supreme – by 1870 all Confederate states had been – by 1870 all Confederate states had been admitted back to the Union admitted back to the Union Southern states faced the challenge of Southern states faced the challenge of physically rebuilding a battle scarred region physically rebuilding a battle scarred region Economic effects ravaged the SouthEconomic effects ravaged the SouthPopulation was also devastated Population was also devastated Republican governments began many public Republican governments began many public works projects to help works projects to help To raise money, taxes were raised To raise money, taxes were raised

Politics in the Postwar SouthPolitics in the Postwar South

Different groups in the Republican Party in Different groups in the Republican Party in the South often had conflicting goalsthe South often had conflicting goals

Democrats called white Southerners who Democrats called white Southerners who joined the Republicans joined the Republicans scalawags scalawags

Democrats called Northerners who moved Democrats called Northerners who moved to the South after the war to the South after the war carpetbaggers carpetbaggers

African-Americans made up the largest African-Americans made up the largest group of Southern Republicansgroup of Southern Republicans

Political DifferencesPolitical Differences

Conflicting goals among Republican Party Conflicting goals among Republican Party members in the South led to disunity in the members in the South led to disunity in the party party Many white Southerners refused to accept Many white Southerners refused to accept blacks’ new status and resisted the idea of blacks’ new status and resisted the idea of equal rightsequal rightsWhite Southerners also had to accept the White Southerners also had to accept the day-to-day involvement of Northerners in day-to-day involvement of Northerners in their lives their lives

Former Slaves Face Many Former Slaves Face Many ChallengesChallenges

Many slaves were cautious about testing their Many slaves were cautious about testing their new freedoms new freedoms African Americans began to travel for the first African Americans began to travel for the first time legally time legally From 1865 – 1870 the African American From 1865 – 1870 the African American population of the ten largest Southern cities population of the ten largest Southern cities doubleddoubledMany began to search for their family members Many began to search for their family members throughout the country throughout the country The Freedmen’s Bureau worked to reunite The Freedmen’s Bureau worked to reunite familiesfamilies

Education and Volunteer GroupsEducation and Volunteer Groups

1870 – nearly 80% of freed African Americans 1870 – nearly 80% of freed African Americans over the age of 20 were illiterate over the age of 20 were illiterate By 1870, African Americans had spent over $1 By 1870, African Americans had spent over $1 million on education million on education Some white Southerners responded violently to Some white Southerners responded violently to African American education African American education After the war, many African Americans founded After the war, many African Americans founded their own churches, usually Baptist or Methodist their own churches, usually Baptist or Methodist African Americans also formed thousands of African Americans also formed thousands of volunteer organizationsvolunteer organizations

Politics and Laws for African Politics and Laws for African AmericansAmericans

African American involvement in politics grew African American involvement in politics grew rapidly rapidly African American officeholders still remained the African American officeholders still remained the minority in the South minority in the South Hiram Revels Hiram Revels was only one of 16 (of 125) was only one of 16 (of 125) African American Southerners elected to African American Southerners elected to Congress Congress African Americans proposed bills to desegregate African Americans proposed bills to desegregate transportationtransportationAfrican Americans tended to focus more on African Americans tended to focus more on building up their community than on total building up their community than on total integration integration

Changes in the Southern Changes in the Southern EconomyEconomy

1865, General Sherman had promised “40 acres 1865, General Sherman had promised “40 acres and a mule” to freed slaves who joined his army and a mule” to freed slaves who joined his army Thaddeus Stevens called for the government to Thaddeus Stevens called for the government to confiscate plantations and to redistribute part of confiscate plantations and to redistribute part of the land to former slaves the land to former slaves 1866 – Homestead Act passed 1866 – Homestead Act passed Planters claimed to have the plantation system Planters claimed to have the plantation system work, they needed almost complete control over work, they needed almost complete control over their laborers their laborers Planters faced a labor shortage Planters faced a labor shortage Many former slaves worked in mills or factories Many former slaves worked in mills or factories

Sharecropping and Tenant Sharecropping and Tenant CroppingCropping

Without their own land, many former Without their own land, many former slaves were forced to sign contracts with slaves were forced to sign contracts with planters planters

Sharecropping Sharecropping became widely used became widely used

Tenant Farming Tenant Farming also became popular also became popular

Tenant Farming rarely worked in practice Tenant Farming rarely worked in practice

Cotton No Longer KingCotton No Longer King

During the war, demand for Southern During the war, demand for Southern cotton began to dropcotton began to drop

The agricultural problems led many to try The agricultural problems led many to try and diversify the Southern economy and diversify the Southern economy

Falling cotton prices and mounting debts Falling cotton prices and mounting debts caused many Southern banks to fail caused many Southern banks to fail

Many whites began to take out frustration Many whites began to take out frustration on African Americans on African Americans

Opposition to ReconstructionOpposition to Reconstruction

The The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Ku Klux Klan (KKK) started in Tennessee started in Tennessee in 1866 in 1866 1868 – 1871, the Klan killed thousands of men, 1868 – 1871, the Klan killed thousands of men, women, and children, and burned schools, women, and children, and burned schools, churches and property churches and property The Klan also wanted to take way the The Klan also wanted to take way the Republicans political power in the South Republicans political power in the South Southern Democrats openly used violence to Southern Democrats openly used violence to intimidate Republicans voting in Mississippi, intimidate Republicans voting in Mississippi, (1875), and Florida, South Carolina, and (1875), and Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana (1876) Louisiana (1876)

Further OppositionFurther Opposition

The Klan also tried to stop African Americans The Klan also tried to stop African Americans from gaining economic progress from gaining economic progress Some white Southerners refused to hire or do Some white Southerners refused to hire or do business with African Americans who were business with African Americans who were revealed to have voted Republican revealed to have voted Republican Congress passed the Enrollment Acts in 1870 Congress passed the Enrollment Acts in 1870 and 1871 and 1871 1882, Supreme Court ruled the 1871 1882, Supreme Court ruled the 1871 Enforcement Act unconstitutional Enforcement Act unconstitutional The Amnesty Act greatly reduced Republican The Amnesty Act greatly reduced Republican powerpower

Scandals and Money Crises Hurt Scandals and Money Crises Hurt RepublicansRepublicans

Grant had no political experience and hired mostly Grant had no political experience and hired mostly friends to his cabinetfriends to his cabinetAfter many scandals, the Liberal Republican Party was After many scandals, the Liberal Republican Party was formedformedThe Liberal Republicans chose Horace Greeley as their The Liberal Republicans chose Horace Greeley as their candidatecandidateAlthough Greeley didn’t win, the Party greatly weakened Although Greeley didn’t win, the Party greatly weakened the Radicals’ hold over the Republican Party the Radicals’ hold over the Republican Party Corruption in Grant’s administration continued Corruption in Grant’s administration continued As corruption continued, Grant lost more support, and As corruption continued, Grant lost more support, and Northerners were distracted from the problems in the Northerners were distracted from the problems in the SouthSouth

Judicial and Popular Support Judicial and Popular Support FadesFades

The The Panic of 1873 Panic of 1873 and a currency crisis further and a currency crisis further distracted Northerners from the Southdistracted Northerners from the SouthThe Supreme Court issued a series of decisions The Supreme Court issued a series of decisions that undermined both the 14th and 15th that undermined both the 14th and 15th AmendmentsAmendments– Slaughterhouse Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873 Cases of 1873 – U.S. v. Cruikshank U.S. v. Cruikshank in 1876 in 1876 – U.S. v. Reese U.S. v. Reese

As both judicial and public support decreased, As both judicial and public support decreased, Republicans began to back away from their Republicans began to back away from their commitment to Reconstructioncommitment to Reconstruction

Democrats “Redeem” the SouthDemocrats “Redeem” the South1869 – 1875, period of 1869 – 1875, period of redemption redemption for Democrats in the for Democrats in the South South 1876, Republicans chose 1876, Republicans chose Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes to run for to run for president president The Democrats chose The Democrats chose Samuel J. Tilden Samuel J. Tilden from NY as their from NY as their candidate candidate Tilden won the popular vote, but fell 1 electoral vote shy of the Tilden won the popular vote, but fell 1 electoral vote shy of the number needed number needed The House of Representatives held the power to approve The House of Representatives held the power to approve election results election results The The Compromise of 1877 Compromise of 1877 granted the Democrats:granted the Democrats:– Withdrawal of federal troops in Louisiana and SC Withdrawal of federal troops in Louisiana and SC – Democrats were given money to build a railroad from Texas to the Democrats were given money to build a railroad from Texas to the

West Coast West Coast – Hayes had to appoint a conservative Southerner to his cabinetHayes had to appoint a conservative Southerner to his cabinet

The Democrats achieved their long-desired goal of The Democrats achieved their long-desired goal of home rule home rule The compromise meant the end of ReconstructionThe compromise meant the end of Reconstruction

Home Rule and the Legacy of Home Rule and the Legacy of ReconstructionReconstruction

Reconstruction ended without much real Reconstruction ended without much real progress in the battle against progress in the battle against discrimination discrimination Radical Republicans made several Radical Republicans made several mistakes in their effort to help former mistakes in their effort to help former slaves slaves The Thirteenth Amendment was a major The Thirteenth Amendment was a major success, and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth success, and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were also very important Amendments were also very important