Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g
Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g
Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL
New York State Fossil
2011 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination inPhysical Setting/Earth Science.
The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE
Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis
Gradient =change in field value
distance
Density =mass
volume
Rate of change =change in value
time
Equations
RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE
DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)
Carbon-14
Potassium-40
Uranium-238
Rubidium-87
C14
K40
U238
Rb87
N14
Pb206
Sr87
5.7 × 103
1.3 × 109
4.5 × 109
4.9 × 1010
Ar40
Ca40
Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data
Properties of Water
Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere
MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)
Liquid water 4.18Solid water (ice) 2.11Water vapor 2.00Dry air 1.01Basalt 0.84Granite 0.79Iron 0.45Copper 0.38Lead 0.13
ELEMENT(symbol)
CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume
Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42Nitrogen (N) 78.0Hydrogen (H) 66.0Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0
Eurypterus remipes
Physical S
etting/Earth S
cience Reference Tables —
2011 Edition
2
Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State
App
alac
hian
Platea
u (Uplands)
Interior Lowlands
Grenville Province(Highlands)
New E
ngla
nd P
rovi
nce
(Hig
hlan
ds)
Atlantic Coastal Plain
Allegheny Plateau
Erie-Ontario Lowlands(Plains)
Tug HillPlateau
AdirondackMountains
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
InteriorLowlands
St. Lawrence
Lowlands
Cha
mpl
ain
Low
land
s
Hudson Highlands
Manhattan Prong
The Catskills
Taco
nic
Mou
ntai
ns
Hud
son-
Moh
awk
Low
land
s
Newa
rkLo
wlan
ds
Major geographic province boundary
Landscape region boundary
State boundary
International boundary
Key
N
S
W E0 20 40
0 20 40 60 80Kilometers
Miles10 30 50
elevation 175 m
LAKE
43°
79° 78° 77°
44°
76°
45°75° 74° 73°
45°
44°
43°
42°
73°72°
41°
73°40°30'
73°30'74°
41°
75°
76°77°78°79°42°
elevation 75 m
LAKE ONTARIO
JAMESTOWN
BUFFALO
ELMIRA
ITHACA
BINGHAMTONSLIDE MT.
KINGSTON
NEW YORKCITY
NIAGARA FALLS ROCHESTERSYRACUSE
UTICA
OSWEGO
OLD FORGE
VE
RM
ON
T
PLATTSBURGH
MT. MARCY
MASSENA
St. Lawre
nce Riv
er
Hud
son
Riv
er
MohawkRiver
River
Susquehanna
Delaw
areR
iverFINGER LAKES
CO
NN
ECTI
CU
T
NEW JERSEY
P E N N S Y L V A N I A
LA
KE
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Miles
Kilometers
Gen
esee
R
iver
LONG ISLANDRIVERHEAD
Riv
er
Hu
dso
n
WATERTOWN
0 5040302010
0 80604020
MA
SS
AC
HU
SET
TS
41°
ALBANY
ERIE
LONG ISLAND SOUND
CH
AM
PL
AIN
Physical S
etting/Earth S
cience Reference Tables —
2011 Edition
3
modified fromGEOLOGICAL SURVEY
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM1989
Niagar
aR
iver
GEOLOGIC PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORKCRETACEOUS and PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and claysLATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, basalt, and diabase (Palisades sill)PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shalesDEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomeratesSILURIAN SILURIAN also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite.
ORDOVICIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostonesCAMBRIAN
CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River
CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schistsintensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex
TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slatesslightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marblesLines are generalized structure trends.
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks
}}
}
}}
Dominantlysedimentaryorigin
Dominantlymetamorphosedrocks
Intensely metamorphosed rocks(regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)
N
S
W E0 20 40
0 20 40 60 80Kilometers
Miles10 30 50
Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State
Physical S
etting/Earth S
cience Reference Tables —
2011 Edition
4
Surface Ocean Currents
Physical S
etting/Earth S
cience Reference Tables —
2011 Edition
5
Peru-Chile
TrenchHawaii
Hot Spot
San AndreasFault
Juan deFuca Plate
PhilippinePlate
Aleutian TrenchYellowstone
Hot Spot
North AmericanPlate
AfricanPlateCocos
PlateCaribbean
Plate
Mid
-Atla
ntic
Rid
ge
CanaryIslands
Hot Spot
SouthAmerican
Plate
GalapagosHot Spot
NazcaPlate
AntarcticPlate
Indian-AustralianPlate
PacificPlateFiji Plate
East
Paci
ficR
i dge
AntarcticPlate
Arabian
Plate
EurasianPlate
EurasianPlate
IcelandHot Spot
East
Afri
can
Rift
Mid-IndianR
idgeSoutheast Indian Ridge
Southwest Indian
RidgeScotiaPlate
SandwichPlate
Mid
-Atla
ntic
Rid
ge
Easter IslandHot Spot
St. HelenaHot Spot
BouvetHot Spot
Key
NOTE: Not all mantle hot spots, plates, andboundaries are shown.
Complex or uncertainplate boundary
Relative motion atplate boundary
Mantlehot spotDivergent plate boundary
(usually broken by transformfaults along mid-ocean ridges)
Convergent plate boundary(subduction zone)
subductingplate
overridingplate
Transform plate boundary(transform fault)
Tectonic Plates
TasmanHot Spot
M
aria
na
Tren
ch
Ton
gaT
ren
ch
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 6
Ero
s ion
Wea
ther
ing
&E
rosi
on(U
plift
)
Metam
orphism
MeltingSolidific
atio
nMeltingWeathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Metamorphism
Weathering & Erosion
(Uplift)
Heat and/or Pressure
Heatand /or
Pressure
Melting
Cementation and Burial
Compactio
n and/or Deposition
IGNEOUSROCK
SEDIMENTS
MAGMA
METAMORPHICROCK
SEDIMENTARYROCK
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
PAR
TIC
LE D
IAM
ETE
R (
cm)
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
1000500
50100
10510.5
0.10.05
0.01
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)
This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.
25.6
6.4
0.2
0.006
0.0004
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TER
ISTI
CS
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FOR
MA
TIO
N
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Dun
ite
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 7
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKSCOMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragmentsMostlyquartz,feldspar, andclay minerals;may containfragments ofother rocksand minerals
Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay
Clastic(fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may spliteasily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals fromchemicalprecipitatesand evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . .. . . .
Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fineto
coarsecrystals
Microscopic tovery coarse
Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments
Compactedplant remains
. . . . .. . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline orbioclastic
FO
LIAT
ED
Fine
Fineto
medium
Mediumto
coarse
Regional
Low-grademetamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars
High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM
(Heat andpressureincreases)
MIN
ER
AL
ALI
GN
ME
NT
BA
ND
-IN
G
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals
Phyllite
GA
RN
ET
PY
RO
XE
NE
FELD
SPA
RA
MP
HIB
OLE
MIC
AQ
UA
RTZ
Hornfels
NO
NF
OLI
ATE
D
Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone
Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distortedor stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fineto
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/ordolomite
Variousminerals
Contact(heat)
Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava
VariousmineralsFine
Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism ofbituminous coalCarbonFine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition �
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Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition
$�!(�����"$"��!*� metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands
Advance and retreat of last continental ice
Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean
Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins
Intrusion of Palisades sill
Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate
Pangaea begins to break up
Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains
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Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms
���"!��!�"$"��!* caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc
Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean
Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean
Erosion of Grenville Mountains
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CooksoniaBothriolepis
Maclurites EospiriferMucrospiriferAneurophyton
CondorNaples Tree CystiphyllumLichenaria Pleurodictyum
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�������!��!�"$"��!* caused bycollision of North America andAfrica along transform margin,forming Pangaea
119 million years ago
359 million years ago
458 million years ago
232 million years ago
59 million years ago
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C
B
A
BIR
DS
S
E
D
F
NA
UT
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AM
MO
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R P
LA
NT
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T
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V
CO
RA
LS
R
BR
AC
HIO
PO
DS
GA
STR
OP
OD
S
W
X
Y
Z
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 10
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)
P
9 10
S
TRA
VE
L TI
ME
(m
in)
00
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 11
Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time
1– 33– 28– 24– 21–18–14–12–10– 7– 5– 3–11468
10121416192123252729
2
– 36– 28– 22–18–14–12– 8– 6– 3–11368
111315171921232527
0– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
3
– 29– 22–17–13– 9– 6– 4–11469
1113151720222426
4
– 29– 20–15–11– 7– 4– 2
1469
11141618202224
5
– 24–17–11– 7– 5– 2
1479
121416182123
6
–19–13– 9– 5– 2
147
101214171921
7
– 21–14– 9– 5– 2
147
1012151719
8
–14– 9– 5–1248
10131618
9
– 28–16–10– 6– 2
258
111416
10
–17–10– 5–2369
1114
11
–17–10– 5–1269
12
12
–19–10– 5–137
10
13
–19–10– 5
048
14
–19–10– 4
15
15
–18– 9– 3
1
12840485561667173777981838586878888899091919292929393
2
1123334148545863677072747678798081828384858686
0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100
– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2
02468
1012141618202224262830
3
1320323745515659626567697172747576777879
4
112028364246515457606264666869707172
5
111202735394348505456586062646566
6
61422283338414548515355575961
7
10172428333740444649515355
8
61319252933364042454749
9
410162126303336394244
10
28
1419232730343639
11
17
12172125283134
12
16
111520232629
13
51014182125
14
49
131720
15
49
1216
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)
Dewpoint (°C)
Relative Humidity (%)
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 12
Temperature
Freezingrain
Haze
Rain
FogSnow
Hail Rainshowers
Thunder-storms
Drizzle
Sleet
Smog
Snowshowers
Air Masses
cA
cP
cT
mT
mP
continental arctic
continental polar
continental tropical
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
Present Weather Fronts Hurricane
Tornado
Pressure
196+19/
.25
28
27
12
Station Model Station Model Explanation
Water boils220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
–20
–40
–60
Room temperature
Water freezes
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
One atmosphere
30.701040.0
1036.0
1032.0
1028.0
1024.0
1020.0
1016.0
1012.0
1008.0
1004.0
1000.0
996.0
992.0
988.0
984.0
980.0
976.0
972.0
968.0
30.60
30.50
30.40
30.30
30.20
30.10
30.00
29.90
29.80
29.70
29.60
29.50
29.40
29.30
29.20
29.10
29.00
28.90
28.80
28.70
28.60
28.50
Key to Weather Map Symbols
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 13
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 14
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
Visible light
Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength
(Not drawn to scale)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere
The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.
(Not drawn to scale)
Selected Properties of
Earth’sAtmosphere
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 15
Solar System DataCelestialObject
Mean Distance from Sun
(million km)
Period ofRevolution
(d=days) (y=years)
Period ofRotation at Equator
Eccentricityof Orbit
EquatorialDiameter
(km)
Mass(Earth = 1)
Density(g/cm3)
SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4
MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4
VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2
EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5
MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9
JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3
SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7
URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3
NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8
EARTH’SMOON
149.6(0.386 from Earth)
27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3
Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)
(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)
Color
Surface Temperature (K)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
Lum
inos
ity(R
ate
at w
hich
a s
tar
emits
ene
rgy
rela
tive
to th
e S
un)
20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000
Blue Blue White White Yellow
2,000
RedOrange
Sirius
Spica
Polaris
Rigel
Deneb Betelgeuse
SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)
(Intermediate stage)GIANTS
Barnard’sStar
ProximaCentauri
Pollux
Alpha Centauri
Aldebaran
Sun
Procyon B SmallStars
MassiveStars
WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)
MAIN SEQUENCE
(Early stage)
40 Eridani B
30,000
1–2✔
silver togray
black streak,greasy feel
pencil lead,lubricants C Graphite
2.5 ✔metallicsilver
gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3
ore of lead,batteries PbS Galena
5.5–6.5 ✔black to
silverblack streak,
magneticore of iron,
steel Fe3O4 Magnetite
6.5 ✔brassyyellow
green-black streak,(fool’s gold)
ore ofsulfur FeS2 Pyrite
5.5 – 6.5or 1 ✔
metallic silver orearthy red red-brown streak ore of iron,
jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite
1 ✔white togreen greasy feel ceramics,
paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc
2 ✔yellow toamber white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur
2 ✔white to
pink or grayeasily scratched
by fingernailplaster of paris,
drywall CaSO4•2H2O Selenite gypsum
2–2.5 ✔colorless to
yellowflexible in
thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica
2.5 ✔colorless to
whitecubic cleavage,
salty tastefood additive,
melts ice NaCl Halite
2.5–3 ✔black to
dark brownflexible in
thin sheetsconstruction
materialsK(Mg,Fe)3
AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica
3 ✔colorless
or variablebubbles with acid,
rhombohedral cleavagecement,
lime CaCO3 Calcite
3.5 ✔colorless
or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered
buildingstones CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite
4 ✔colorless or
variablecleaves in
4 directionshydrofluoric
acid CaF2 Fluorite
5–6 ✔black to
dark greencleaves in
2 directions at 90°mineral collections,
jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)
(Si,Al)2O6Pyroxene
(commonly augite)
5.5 ✔black to
dark greencleaves at
56° and 124°mineral collections,
jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3
Si6O22(O,OH)2
Amphibole(commonly hornblende)
6 ✔white to
pinkcleaves in
2 directions at 90°ceramics,
glass KAlSi3O8Potassium feldspar
(commonly orthoclase)
6 ✔white to
graycleaves in 2 directions,
striations visibleceramics,
glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar
6.5 ✔green to
gray or browncommonly light green
and granularfurnace bricks,
jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine
7 ✔colorless or
variableglassy luster, may form
hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,
electronics SiO2 Quartz
6.5–7.5 ✔dark redto green
often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks
jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet
HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME
Nonm
etal
lic lu
ster
*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = siliconCa = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium
✔ = dominant form of breakage
Met
allic
lust
erEi
ther
FRAC
TURE
CLEA
VAG
E
Properties of Common Minerals
Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 16