Content
• Advansor’s history in brief
• Natural refrigerants- the alternatives
• Historical system designs and why CO2 had to win in the end!
• Developments and improvements on TC CO2
– Parallel compression
– Ejectors
• Conclusions and questions
20062007
20082009
20102011
20122013
20142015
20162017
6
18
40
70
100+
HistoryDKK 250 MTurnover
Torben Hansen and Kim Christensen established Advansor in 2006. It has since progressed rapidly in terms of technology and an over-all growth
Advansor is sold to HillPhoenix, USA in 2011 but remains very ”Danish” with its entrepreneurial roots and values100 x
1834: Perkins mechanical vapour compression refrigeration with ethyl ether
1880s ammonia, sulphuric acid
to carbondioxide and propane1920s …
1930s CFCs (R12)
1950s HCFCs (R22, R502)
1974 Ozone depletion theory (Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland)
1987 Montreal Protocol (phase-out of CFCs and HCFCs)
1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)
1996 Gustav Lorentzen conference in DK
1997 Kyoto Protocol (reduction of emissions of HFC, PFC, CO2, SF6, N20, CH4)
3rd millennium... which refrigerants to use in the long term?
2001 Taxation on HFC’s in DK (and other countries)
2007 10 kg ban introduced in DK
2015 F-gas directive (phase-down + other instruments), HFC prices
The history “Ozone depletion” and
“Green House effect”
The closed refrigerant cycle
Natural refrigerants
NH3, CO2, hydrocarbons
CFCs
R12, R502
HCFCs
R22
HFCs
R404A, R134a,
R507, R407
Technical issues
Local safety
Montreal Protocol
Ozone depletion
Kyoto Protocol
Global warming
?1980s
1930s
1990s
System configurations in supermarkets
R134a
Køl
CO2
Kaskade-anlæg
Frost
CO2 anlægTørkøler
Kaskade
veksler
Kondensator
Kølekom-
pressor
Frostkom
-pressor
CO2-
pumpe
Køl
Frost
CO2
CO2
Kondensator HT-ventil
GBP-ventil
Kølekom-
pressor
Frostkom
-pressor
R404A
Køl
R404A
HFC-anlæg
Frost
Tørkøler
Kondensator
Kølekom-
pressor
Frostkom
-pressorBrine
pumpe
Possible refrigerants• Hydro carbons
– ODP = 0, GWP < 8
– Non-toxic, but flammable
– Compatible, mixable, stabile
– Low density, low discharge temp
– High COP
• Ammonia– ODP = 0, GWP = 0
– Toxic and flammable
– Corrosive, not mixable with oil
– Low density and high discharge temps
– High COP
• “New” refrigerants HFO’s– Flammable (A2L?), toxic?, expensive
28 mm 12
mm22 mm
R404R/Propan CO2
Ammoniak
Sugerør (-30°C)
Væskerør (+30°C)
8 mm 6 mm5 mm
1. 2. 3.
Propan/
NH3
CO2 (-10°C)
Brine (-10°C)
CO2 (-30°C)
+5°C
-18°C
Propan/
NH3
CO2 (-10°C)
CO2 (-10°C)
CO2 (-30°C)
+5°C
-18°C
CO2 (-10°C)
CO2 (38°C)
-10°C
CO2 (-10°C)
CO2 (-30°C)
+5°C
-18°C
Odense-projektet, 2000
Beder-projektet, 2001
Schou Epa – Roskilde, 1996
F&U-projekt, ENS, 1999
Sjapis-aktiviteter på køl, 2000
F&U-projekt, ENS, 1999
McD/Findan-projektet, 2002
Knudsen Køling-projektet, 2002
Carrier, 2002
Carrier, 2002/2003Costan (2000)
Carrier (2003)
Linde (2004)
Knudsen Køling (2005)
Teknologisk Institut26.10.2005
Køle- og Varmepumpeteknik
9
Supermarkets – 3-step rocket1999-2005
Propane compressor
Brine pumps CO2 compressor
Oil seperator + IHXReceiver
Top: IHX
Left: Brine cooler with ex. valve
Right: Cascade HX with ex. valve
and 4 pcs. stop valves
Ventilation duct
Challenges with CO2• High pressure
– Knowhow and education– Understand the process
• How does it work? – More complex – 2 new valves– Centralized/ remote
• Electronic controls – EEV instead of TEV– Electronic controllers needed
• Warmer climates– New accelerating technologies
• Availability of components– Compressors 10-20 kW
• Price
75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
1
1 .2
1 .4
1 .6
1 .8
2
2 .2
2 .4
Pg,2
[bar]C
OP
[-
]
32°C
CO
P [-
]34°C
36°C
40°C
4 4°C
Challenges with CO2
• CO2 leaks
– Knowhow and education
• High pressure - components
– New accelerating technologies
0,5% CO2 (=5000ppm) is normal gas detector set point
HT LTDon’t do this:
aircooler
Tesco UK/ Migros Switzerland
Advantages of CO2 as refrigerant
• Only one refrigerant – CO2 / DX and copper piping
• Optimized design: cobber, small pipes, hoses , and oil handling
• No brine nor water pipes
• Can be installed anywhere, no limits to the loc. of the condenser
High level of security
Reliable operation
Easy installation
Low installation and
operating costs
Safety valves and switches
Production and assembly approved
CE-labelled in accordance to PED cat. IV
High level of documentation
Well known tested components (compressors, exchanger, control)
Optimal and easy controls and monitoring
Resistant against compressor failure (oil handling, IHX, accu)
Secure handling of stand still pressure
High safety at service (pump-down, easy access)
Low energy consumption
Low cost refrigerant
Easy and quick service
Availability of all components (standard)
200% extra heat recovery
cooling with termosyfon
Stabile temperatures
1
10
100
1000
MT LT AC
Small single weatherproof compressor unit
Retail/Pharmaceutical5 evaporators
Small compact multi-compressor unit
Discount/Convenience
Medium multi-compressor unit
Supermarket/Convenience
Medium + Large multi-compressor unit
Supermarket/Hypermarkets
Large + XL multi-compressor unit
Industrial
CDU XXS1350 x 1000 x 800 mm
MiniBooster XXS800 x 100 x 2100 mm
ValuePack XS2500x1900x800 mm
compSUPER S/L6000x2150x800 mm
compINDUSTRI XL6000x2150x1200 mm
Growth – Pricing and rack efficiency improvement over timeOverall, TC CO2 technology have improved its competitiveness
• Prices per kW have been reduced by more than 30% since 2006
• Energy effciency has been improved by 25% since 2006
Pressure on priceand technology
HP
Gas-by-pass
Oil separator
Gas cooler
MT comp
GBP
EE
V
EE
V
EE
V
MT
EV
AP
OR
AT
OR
S
EE
V
EE
V
EE
V
LT
EV
AP
OR
AT
OR
S
CO2 evolution – Advansor solutions Heat recover HX
False load evaporator
Heat pump function
IHX
Parallel comp
Sub-cooler
Heat recovery
Heat pump
Air conditionAdiabatic
Sub-cooler
Parallel comp
CO2 cassette
Adiabatic
MT load
LT load
Ejector gas
Ejector liquid
LT comp
LT compres
Ejector
AC
Energy and hot climate techParallel compression, adiabatic, sub-cooling, ejector
CO2 Booster solutions
Ejector CO2 Booster solutions
CO2 Booster solutions
Enhanced CO2 Booster solutions