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Refugees: The Ins and Outs
Jeroen Doomernik
University of Amsterdam
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Legal labels
Refugees
Migrants Workers
Highly skilled Seasonal
Students Family members
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Fundamental causes
Demographics
Economics
Incomplete nation building
=> Emigration pressure
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Fundamental causes
Demographics
Economics (nature of labour market)
Promise of safety and perspective
=> Opportunities at possible destination
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Fundamental causes
Both sides brought together by intermediary structures
Colonial links
Economic connections
Networks Personal ones (family, friends, acquaintances) Impersonal (e.g. human smugglers)
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Economy
Continuing (growing?) global disparities
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Post-colonial nations
Competition (incomplete nation building) in combination with:
Ethnic strife
Poor or failing governance/governments
Invasions in other/neighboring states
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In sum: Motives for leaving
Security and freedom
Economic improvement Individual Household
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Why the household matters
Relative deprivation
Remittances
Networks
=> Expectations and responsibilities
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The Demand Side: the dual labour market
Stimulate
Versus
Limit
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Welcome migrants
Scarce professions (usually highly skilled)
Students
Seasonal workers (in some countries)
Refugees
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Informal demand for
Flexible
Undemanding
Low pay
Dangerous (and uninsured)
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Typical informal sectors
Personal/household services (cleaning, child-care, granny-care)
Odd-jobs (plumbing, painting)
Prostitution
Catering services
Construction
Agriculture and horticulture
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State Logic: Restrict and Control
Real world needs (economy, labour market, welfare, public health, crime)
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Restrict and Control
Real world needs (economy, labour market, welfare, public health, crime)
Pragmatic answers are effective answers
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Restrict and Control
Real world needs (economy, labour market, welfare, public health, crime)
Pragmatic answers are effective answers
Yet, pragmatism being replaced by “security” rhetoric: attrition, criminalization, detention and deportation
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Restrict and Control
Real world needs (economy, labour market, welfare, public health, crime)
Why: in NW Europe: impatience with policy imperfection =>
path dependency? In the Mediterranean countries: pressures of EU
integration
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Restrict and Control
Real world needs (economy, labour market, welfare, public health, crime)
Why: impatience with policy imperfection => path dependency?
And controls and borders need “performance”
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Mexico/US
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Hungary
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Melilla
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Melilla
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The business that results
Smuggling
Exploitation (trafficking)
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Which subsequently
Makes return socially and economically impossible
While states do their best to keep them from staying
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Constraints
International law: Refugee Convention ECHR
(art. 3 ‘inhuman treatment’) (art. 8 ‘right to family life’)
1990 Migrants’ Rights Convention
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Refugees
"owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.” Art.1 1951 (1967) Geneva Convention
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Eurostat
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Eurostat
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The riddle
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Urgent issues
Common European policy and practice
On migration Improved management More legal access Reducing the market for smugglers
On asylum Burden sharing Fair distribution (e.g. through quota) Unequivocal goals (i.e. protection)
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Urgent issues
And (ultimately) ensuring people’s right to stay
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