John Kabashima, Ph.D.UC Cooperative Extension
Tim Paine, Ph.D.UC Riverside, Dept. of Entomology
Regional Impact of
PSHB and
Emerging Tree Pests
Pre-entry(laws & agreements)
Port-of-entry(inspection)
Rapid-response(response crews/regional containment)
Protecting Hawai‘i
World’s Biota Arrivals Escapes
Options: -Do nothing
-Regional containment
-Protect high value areas
-Biocontrol
Widespread
Options: -Do nothing
-Eradication
-Regional containment
Port-of-entry(inspection)
Rapid-responseReduced Budget-response
(response crews/regional containment)
Protecting Hawai‘i
Arrivals Escapes
Options: -Do nothing
-Regional containment
-Protect high value areas/trees
-Biocontrol
WidespreadLos AngelesOrangeSan Diego
Options: -Do nothing
-Eradication
-Regional containment
Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer
Some species beset by strong Alleeeffects could be less successful as invaders.
Exotic and Invasive Insect Species Implications
P. Tobin et al, 2011
The frequency of the lag phenomenon in invasions implies that at least some existing non-native species that are currently having little or no impact will eventually have much greater ones.
PSHB/FD and the Lag Phenomenon
Daniel Simberloff
Generations
5 10 15 20
Num
ber o
f ent
ry h
oles
per
tree
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
5 daughters per female per generation
Growth of entry hole number per tree when a single female initiates the population at generation 1 and 5 daughters/
generation/mother remain on tree
Richard Stouthamer
This is what a tree with 38,000 entry holes looks like
• Box elder at Huntington Gardens about 2.5 years after first decline was detected
Richard Stouthamer and Dan Berry
Regional Impact of
PSHB
*
Current distribution of infestation of PSHB/FD
20122013
*
Current distribution of infestation of PSHB/FD
201220132014
*
Current distribution of infestation of PSHB/FD
2012201320142015
USDA FS Distribution trapping
Tom Coleman, USDA Forest Service
Pest Vulnerability Matrix • Minor pests
– Insects or diseases that do not cause damage requiring management action, but may still be observed on trees. These pests can be safely ignored.
• Exotics under classical biological control– Ash Whitefly 100 on 1 to 1 on 100– Gonipterous Weevil
• Low – Low severity = causes little damage and only seldom requires management action in urban
landscapes • Moderate
– Moderate severity = damage is unsightly or will lead to problems over time • Severe
– Severe = almost always lethal to the tree (directly or indirectly)• Recent or Quarantine Pests
– Recently introduced or Quarantine pests that may or may not pose a threat to the landscape
• Emerging pests– Pests not yet detected in California. This category is important when adapting the planting plan
to account for likely future pests.
Greg McPherson, PhDDirector, Center for Urban Forest ResearchPSW, USDA Forest Service
Nursery•Potential to transport•Economic Impact
• Shipment Protocols
Urban Landscape•Incubator
•Threat to Urban Forest
Avocado• PSHB and Fusarium
A major threat
Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB)
Natural/Riparian• Major threat to native trees•Important Alternate Host
•Ecological Impact
Regulatory•Pathways•Regulations•Pesticide Use•Water Runoff
2012 2015
Tree Species Attacked by Beetle 286 303
Tree Species Infected by Fungus 117 138
Agricultural Crops 13 13
California Native Tree Species 11 18
Number of Tree Families 62 64
Number of Reproductive Hosts 19 37
Host Range FD/PSHB
3. Evergreen Maple (Acer paxii)4. Trident maple (Acer buergerianum)5. Japanese maple (Acer palmatum)6. Castor bean (Ricinus communis)7. California sycamore (Platanus racemosa) *8. Red willow (Salix laevigata) *9. Avocado (Persea americana)10. Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)11. English Oak (Quercus robur)12. Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia)*13. London plane (Platanus x acerfolia)14.Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)*15. White Alder (Alnus rhambifolia)*16.Titoki (Alectryon excelsus)17. Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii))*18. Cork Oak (Quecus suber)19. Valley oak (Quercus lobata) *20. Coral tree (Erythrina corallodendon)21. Blue palo verde (Cercidium aculeata) *22. Palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata)23. Moreton Bay Chestnut (Castanospermum australe)24. Brea (Cercidium sonorae)25. Mesquite (Prosopis articulata)*26. Weeping willow (Salix babylonica)27. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta)28. Camelia (Camellia semiserrata)29. Acacia (Acacia spp.)30. Liquidambar (Liquidambar styraciflua)31. Red Flowering Gum (Eucalyptus ficifolia)32. Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda)33.Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)*34. Goodding’s black willow (Salix gooddingii)35. Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii)*36. Tree of heaven (Alianthus altissima)37. Kurrajong (Brachychiton populneus) 38. Black Mission Fig (Ficus carica)
Eskalen, A., Stouthamer, R., Lynch, S.C., Rugman-Jones, P., Twizeyimana, M., Gonzalez, A., Thibault, T. 2013. Host Range of Fusarium Dieback and its Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) Vector in Southern California. Plant Disease.In 97:7, 938-951
Benefit Cost Ratio of Urban Forests• Urban Forest
– Private– Street and Park Trees
• Ecological Services– BMP to control stormwater– Energy savings
• Mitigate heat-island and clean air in cities– Atmospheric CO2 reduction– Air quality benefits– Aesthetics and other benefits– Ecosystem benefits
• Habitat for animals and plants• Food for animals• Cycle water and nutrients through ecosystems
Benefit Cost Ratio of Urban Forests• Structure, function and value of street and park trees in 5
cities.– Fort Collins, Co.– Cheyenne, Wy.– Bismarck, N.D.– Berkeley, CA.– Glendale, Az.
• Cities spent $13–65 annually per tree, benefits ranged from $31-89 per tree.
• For every management dollar invested, benefits returned annually ranged from $1.37-3.09
McPherson, et al. 2005
PSHB Impacts• Decrease or Loss of Ecological Services• Cost of:
– Treatment– Pruning– Removal $(650 to $1000 per tree)
• Chipping• Stump grinding• Handling and disposal
– Transport– Compost– Alternative Daily Cover– Biomass Electrical Generation
WILL HOMEOWNERS DO OR BE ABLE TO AFFORD THIS?– Injury Hazards from falling and weakened limbs
PSHB Impacts
– Municipal Tree Inventory • 29 of 34 Cities• 10 Misc (school districts, water departments, HOA)
– 83, 064 Sycamores
–APPROXIMATE VALUE = $250,176,772.10
Earth has about 3.04 trillion trees, but humans have cut down nearly that many too.
The planet loses about 15 billion trees a year, with only 5 billion of them being replaced.
Thomas Crowther, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
Tree Removal
Tree Autopsy
Tree Autopsy
Canker revealed under bark Closeup of canker
PSHB/FD Structural Damage to Branch
Falling branch hazard and to arborists when climbing trees
IPM/Plant Health/BMPs– EradicationTactics
CulturalPhysical
(detectiontraps)
Mechanical(chipping, burying)
Biological
Pest ControlTactics
Pesticides
Control OptionsCultural / Sanitation
• Tree removal• Pruning infested branches• Pruning wound protection• Chipping, Solarization/ fumigation• Restrict firewood movement
Chemical• Beetle and/or Fungal Symbionts• Trunk sprays • Systemic-Soil injection/drench, trunk injection
Attract & Kill Traps • Lure and Pesticides
Biocontrol • Natural Enemies• Use of Entomopathogen Fungi• Use of Endophytic bacteria and/or fungi
GSOB Incident Action Plan• Survey and Detection
– Delimitation– Outside of known infestations– Develop procedures and fund reporting and identifying
new infestations– Maintenance and location of data base
• Based on Pest Rating and Damage– Restrict movement of pest infested material– Develop policies and identify agencies and stakeholders– Identify how it is moving and how and who will regulate
• Develop and Implement a Management Plan• Identify Research Needs
Incident Action PlansExotic Pest Research Needs
• Identify Short, Medium and Long Term Needs– Positively identify pest
• Is it a known or undescribed species– Determine country of origin– Conduct studies on it’s biology
• Life cycle• Hosts
– Agriculture, urban forests, natural ecosystems• Flight
– Best Management Practices• Cultural, mechanical, physical, chemical, biological• BMPs for homeowners, commercial landscapes and municipalities
Akif Eskalen1, R. Stouthamer2, P. Rugman-Jones2, S. Lynch1, T, Paine2, M, Jones2, J. Morse2, F. Byrne2, T. Coleman3,
J. Kabashima4, M. Dimson4, T. Thibault5, D. Berry5, S. Drill6., F. McDonogh7, J. Mayorquin1, F. Na1, J. Carrillo1,
S. Feirer7,
1 Plant Pathology and Microbiology, UC Riverside2Entomology, UC Riverside
3USDA Forest Service4UCCE Orange County
5Huntington Botanical Garden6UCCE Los Angeles County
7UC ANR
Current studies on Polyphagous shot hole borer/Fusarium dieback
• California Avocado Commission• USDA Farm Bill• Huntington Gardens• Hofshi Foundation• USDA Forest Service• CDFA Specialty Block Grants• OC Parks• California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers• Nursery Growers Association• University of California Irvine
Work Funded By
• RPW Services, Inc.• West Coast Arborists• Great Scott Tree Services, Inc.• Target Specialty Products• NuFarm/Valent• ArborJet• Mauget• FMC
Donations and Collaborators
? Questions?
Elephant WeevilOrthorhinus cylindrirostris