RELATIVITYBased on Physical Processes
Budapest 2009
byAlbrecht Giese
Hamburg, Germany
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
2
Contents
2
‘
“Space” and “Time”?
Special Relativity
Origin of Mass
General Relativity
The Physical Causes of Relativity
3
The Leading Question
3
‘
Einstein’s Relativity is based
on assumptions about
“Space” and “Time”
The Physical Causes of Relativity
1. Is this the only possible way?
2. Is this a good way?
.
4
Einstein’s Statement (Original Paper 1905)
4
‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity
From the origin of a system k there shall a light beam be transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time 2; so, there must be
½(0+2) = 1
5
‘
d
v
5
The Physical Causes of Relativity
X
O x‘
1
0 + 2
1 = 1/2(0+2)?
Note: The one-way speed of light cannot be measured independently
… shall a light beam be transmitted at the time 0 along the X-axis to x’ and from there at the time 1 reflected back to the origin, where it shall arrive at time 2;
66
‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity
“ … This definition is essential for the special theory of relativity, but it is not epistemologically necessary. Einstein’s definition, too, is only one possible definition. …”
The special theory prefers ½ ... ,” it does so on the ground that this definition leads to simpler relations”. …
The intention of this talk is to show:
Relativity of Einstein based on space-time is not the good solution Relativity can be based on physical processes rather principles This is . Much-much easier . Gives information about other areas, e.g. particle physics
X X
Philosopher Hans Reichenbach in “The Philosophy of Space and Time”:
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Contents
7
‘
“Space” and “Time”?
Special Relativity
Origin of Mass
General Relativity
The Physical Causes of Relativity
8
• Contraction
• Dilation
‘
2cmE
8
• Increase of Mass
• Energy-Mass Relation
• Constancy of c
Special Relativity:
Its Elements
The Physical Causes of Relativity
9
Special Relativity:History of the contraction
1888: O. Heaviside Electric fields contract at motion
Objects contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald
1892: H.A. Lorentz Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motionwhich explains the null-result of the experiment:
‘
9
2
2
1/1c
vddd *
1'
The Physical Causes of Relativity
1932: R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike
The experiment cannot be explained by pure contractionNeeds dilation also
Sufficient to understand relativity?
10
h/E
Special Relativity:Dilation is the consequence of internal motion
History of the internal motion
1908: J. Ziegler Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’
Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’frequency:
1924: L. de Broglie
1928: P. Dirac Relativistic QM-function of the electron:
1930: E. Schrödinger Evaluation of the Dirac Function: t
txitxH
),(
),(
‘
10
tHpcxtx kkk12)0()(
)1)()0((2
1 211 iHtkk eHcpcHi c
Zitterbewegung
The Physical Causes of Relativity
11
“Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed
Structure of an Elementary Particle:
‘
No conflict with the electron experiments
orbit (Spin, mag. moment)
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
(de Broglie 1924) = E / h
(Dirac / Schrödinger 1928/30)v = c
(Relativity)m = 0
(Momentum law)N = 2
1212
Special Relativity:Dilation
‘
222 vcq Pythagoras
cRT 2
qRT 2'
2
2
1/1'
c
v
q
c
T
T i.e. the Lorentz-Factor
222
2 cvdt
dc
2
2
11cv
dt
d
222
2 vcdt
dc
v
dt
dc
„Speed of proper time“
The Physical Causes of Relativity
For the helical motion:
13
Contents
13
‘
“Space” and “Time”?
Special Relativity
Origin of Mass
General Relativity
The Physical Causes of Relativity
www.ag-physics.org /rmass 14
Static field of a point charge
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14
rU
1
U
The Physical Causes of Relativity
www.ag-physics.org /rmass 15
Field of a moving charge
rU
1
rU
1
‘
15
rU
1
U
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/rmass 16
The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles
‘
302
r
rrqKF
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
/rmass 17
Bind of the Basic Particles at motion
‘
32
r
rqKF
Fr
rF
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
/rmass 18
cRm
The Mass Equation
‘
2cmE RcRchhE 2
The classical magnetic moment:
302
r
rrqKF
2
1
crCaF
2cr
1C
a
Fm
Or both equations combined: = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles
Radius R computed from the magnetic moment and then inserted above the correct mass m
universal for all elem. particles!
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Rec 02
1
m
e
2
1 0
/rmass 19
Mass and Increase of Mass
‘
Relativistic increase of mass: From
2cmE RcRchhE 2
Spin:
cRm
cRm
Classical angular momentum
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Putting the object to motion:
302
r
rrqKF
2
1
crCaF
2cr
1C
a
Fm
19
2/rR
The Physical Causes of Relativity
cRm
R'RR mmm '
2cdmdE 2cmE
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Contents
20
‘
“Space” and “Time”?
Special Relativity
Origin of Mass
General Relativity
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/gravity 21
The Shapiro-Experiment:
‘
c
c
P
cr
MGcrc
2
0
0 21)( P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction
21
Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/gravity 22
The gravitational field of the sun:
The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: 2r
MGa
‘
Now: Acceleration at rest!!
P
cr
MGcrc
2
0
0 21)(
P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction
Integrating deflection from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec
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This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!!
Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/gravity 23
Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis):
‘ Gravit.
Source
c
c
No dependency of the mass!
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2r
MGa
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/gravity 24
Formal Treatment of General Relativity (Gravity)
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24
Schwarzschild Solution:
is the basis for the proofs of General Relativity:
- Perihelion Advance- Gravitational Lensing - …
2222120 )1()1( crr
r
rx
r
r ss
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/gravity 25
Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity)
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25
1
1
r
rcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c
Reduced field distance
22
cr
GMrs
dr
rd s 2
1
)1('
Schwarzschild Solution
2
*
2cr
NGrs
222
2 vcdt
dc
2/1
1
r
rcc s for tangential motion
in radial direction
Lorentz Transformation(time-related)
Speed split into radial/tangential portion
22222
2
rrc
dt
dc
Now Gravity:2
212
22
2 11
dt
dr
r
r
dt
dr
r
rc
dt
dc ss
2
d
dt 221
2222 11 rr
rr
r
rtcc ss
The Physical Causes of Relativity
26
The Physical Causes of Relativity
26
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Field EquationsRiemann Geometry
Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via Einstein)
/gravity 27
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27
1
1
r
rcc s for radial motionReduced speed of light c
Reduced field distance
22
cr
GMrs
dr
rd s 2
1
)1('
Schwarzschild Solution
2
*
2cr
NGrs
222
2 vcdt
dc
2/1
1
r
rcc s for tangential motion
in radial direction
Lorentz Transformation(time-related)
Speed split into radial/tangential portion
22222
2
rrc
dt
dc
Now Gravity:2
212
22
2 11
dt
dr
r
r
dt
dr
r
rc
dt
dc ss
2
d
dt 221
2222 11 rr
rr
r
rtcc ss
The Physical Causes of Relativity
Derivation of the Schwarzschild Solution (via the Basic Particle Model)
www.ag-physics.org 2828
Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in
the vicinity of an object
What is Gravity?
‘
But: What is the physical reason
for the change of the speed of light ‘c’
in the vicinity of an object?
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/gravity 29
Why is ‘c’ reduced?
Averagespeed
< c
‘Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass
--> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle
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Force is the Strong Force
This solves Quantum Gravity!
c
The Physical Causes of Relativity
/gravity 30
Dark MatterAcceleration (Dark Energy / Cosmological Constant)Quantum Gravity
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30
Open problems in Gravity / Cosmology
The Physical Causes of Relativity
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 31
The Dark Matter Problem:
Missing Matter in a rotating Galaxy
Relativity / Gravity
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
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www.ag-physics.org /gravity 32
Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198
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halo(of dark matter)
photons
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Axions, neutralinos etc
The Physical Causes of Relativity
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 33
Inflation
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•The need for inflation: At early times there was a causal connection between regions which move off each other at extreme speed requirement for contracted space
The Origin of Gravity
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c/c0
1
1025
1050
Development of ‘c’
Big Bang nowtime
•The need for causal connection: Is also fulfilled with a high value of ‚c‘ in an unaltered space
Alternativ:
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 34
Need for Dark Energy?
‘
Development of the Universe:
cv
c/c0
1
1025
1050
Development of ‘c’
Big Bang nowtime
The Origin of Gravity
34
•Doppler-Effect: If ‚c‘ was higher at early times then we get – from the
formula – a higher speed for the early supernovae.
•The acceleration at later times disappear.
Doppler-Effekt:
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 35
What is about space-time?
The “Dark Matter” phenomenon
Summary
The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here)
The “only attracting” effectThis approach explains:
The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory)
Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY becomes obsolete
This approach avoids:
This approach maintains:
The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time
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The Physical Causes of Relativity
Relativity (gravity!) can easily be understood
‘‘
The “Dark Energy” phenomenon
What are the benefits of our approach?
Space-time is not necessary, not helpful, makes relativity complicated
www.ag-physics.org /gravity 36
The End
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Basing Relativity on Physical Processes