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Religion, Gender, and Development
November 24, 2004
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Religion, Gender and Development Does gender inequality retard development?
Is religion responsible for gender inequality?
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Development as Freedom: Amartya Sen The goal of development is the enhancement
of human freedom
The enhancement of human freedom is the chief instrument of development
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Gender Inequality: 100 Million Missing Women
Gender-based poverty
Infanticide
Perinatal mortality
Health Inequalities
Violence
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What Does Religion Have To Do With Gender Inequality?
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Male/Female Sex Ratios
22 of 32 countries with sex ratios exceeding 102/100 are Muslim
India has a sex ratio of 106/100
China has a sex ratio of 117/100
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Male/Female Literacy Gap
Muslim countries: 18.7
Catholic countries: 4.3
India: 26
China: 19
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Variation Between Muslim Countries Turkey
Indonesia
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“The central values separating Islam and the West revolve far more centrally around Eros than Demos.”
- Pippa Norris and Ron Inglehart,
Sacred and Secular (2004)
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How Does Gender Equity Promote Development?
Increases GDP Reduce illiteracy gap, raise GDP 1%
Reduces fertility Raise education level 3 years, reduce birth rate
by 1 child
Reduces inequality 1% increase in labor force with secondary education
increases income to poorest 40 percent by 6-15%
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The China-India-Kerala Comparison: China: compulsory one-child policy 1979-92
reduces birth rate to 2.0
India: non-compulsory family planning reduces birth rate to 3.7
Kerala: female literacy, health care program reduces birth rate to 1.8
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Increase Female Employment Raises marriage age
Increases birth spacing
Increases household income
Improves child survival rates
Improves child weight-height measures
Reduces spousal abuse
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Progress in Empowering Women
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Improve Female Political Participation Makes government less authoritarian?
Improves welfare and health expenditure?
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Women’s Empowerment: How to Get There Electoral quotas for representation
Targeted investment in female education
Microfinance loans to women
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Case Study: Grameen Bank, Bangla Desh Female poverty and credit
Credit and purdah
Credit and gender discrimination
Microcredit and Islam
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Personal Status Law
Liberalize and equalize divorce law
Equalize women’s rights in sharia law
Enforce property rights for females: inheritance, divorce, succession
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Opposition
Authoritarian political leaders
Patriarchal family heads
Religious authorities
Women
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Women’s Opposition
The value of religious freedom
The value of women’s autonomy
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How to Bring Them Along:
Frame this as a development program, not as a women’s issue
Frame this as a local strategy, not a Western one
Work with men, not against them
Work within local institutions, not against them
Secure women’s consent: do not take it for granted
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Is Religion Responsible for Gender Inequality?
Religion as a language of social justice
Religion as a language of patriarchal authority
Religion as a language of individual improvement
Religion as a site of political struggle