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Religion in the Public Schools
A Road Map for Avoiding Lawsuits
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Religion in the Public Schools
A Road Map for Avoiding Lawsuits
and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
B A M L
A P L
W V U
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P 9 A U S C S
R P S:
A R M A L R P L R.
9 A M L.
A .
P U.S.A.
C M M
T G O F W. G
L C C N 993379
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Contents
Preface 12
Acknowledgments 17
Chapter One: Overview 19
Chapter Two: School Prayer 25
O . P I T G A O T . . .
. Iz P P S I U 6
3. P S M N S P R B S; N
M P S S E D B R 8
4. S M N S A M S P M
F P 9
. P P S F I A U: P
S M N I O C G G P
I 3
6. S-L, S-I P O S P A
S I U 34
7. B S M H P S B S A F
P C S L A F O D N
P 36
8. I I U W W E S S
G M O T R P, M RR T S, G S A 39
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
9. S M P T B G O S E
C O S O G M N P 4
. P S A O R A S R B G T S P W T R
R T P 43
Chapter Three: Equal Access 44
. T E A A: A O 44
. C U W E A O A T:
T R A L O F, N-
R G, F O M 463. N T B EAA P P
S G C-B D S
O U E C 48
4. S R A D C A EAA
O B A O C-R S G
S M N C EAA B M C A
S G C-R
. U EAA, S R A M O D S P, P W-B S
F, A A S M I
V
6. N-D P: O O U EAA A
T, S M G R C S P
T G O C, I U S B B
P A S
7. P S A N T P F F A
P A S C C L P FD H I C A O G U I
F 6
8. O P S C L P F, C F
S P, S A C V D
P, A S R C W T
I S A 8
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9 A M L T .
Chapter Four: Curriculum Issues 61
A. Constitutional Limits that Affect Public SchoolCurriculum and Opt-Outs 61. S C U R C S R B
S L C 6
. P S M, A N C C , A
S O O M C T I I
T R B 6
3. I G, S M N O O L S
C (.., E S R) L A I
H B R Oj M B W I I
T (.., U P) 63
4. P S C P S F S B R
S, R R A Pj, W
R Pj D N C E P
P 64
B. Teaching Evolution and Its Alternatives 65
. O: S C N O T E NG E T D E C S 6
. T T E M D S 67
3. I I L S T P S C F T
E A P T H S S C 69
4. I I E W S T P S C C
T C A E A P H
S S C 7
. P S M N T I D A EA P H S S C 7
6. N M P S T C A F R
T I D 7
7. P S M L E W S R R
E E S C D S
M B W T S L O C D 77
8. C I D C B T P S,
Oj, A D R, S A I R
H, I P S C A L A A
I E N D 78
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
Chapter Five: Student Religious Expression 81
A. Overview of the Constitutional Limits of StudentExpression: Tinker 81
B. Common Public School Situations 83. T F R: S A G G L R
S S W S P S L,
V, O M 83
. Hz: S A G G L R S
S W O O C P S S
A B S S 843. M: S A G G L R S
S W A C R I
S A E I D U 8
C. Applying Tinker and its Progeny to StudentReligious Speech 86
. O 86
. S C W T- Ez R M
E O S U S C A P
F S T S D W C S
D M I C A 86
3. R-N R G A, S A D
C G P, A C V E W
R B R 89
Chapter Six: School Activities andAccommodations 91
A. School Calendar and Scheduling School Activities 91. P S M C R H I T D S V
S R 9
. S M P S M U W T M D
O R H, U S A M S
W S P S 9
3. P S M S S A A S H D 9
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4. O H I: W W P S C
H S A C H 93
B. Other Accommodations 94. S M P K M C A
R D P J S A N R
P S S S M 94
. P S C P E W U G
P A M D N-T P 9
C. Artistic and Literary Religious Works 97. P S G M N A G D R
P I E, P, A P S C
F T H A V 97
. P S L M C H S S L A
T I D N S P O P S
R W G 98
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
Preace
C
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.Chapter One: Overview of the First Amendment Framework in
the Public School Context. T -
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
A
, , -
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Chapter Two: School Prayer. I - -z . T
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Chapter Three: Equal Access. T E A A (EAA)
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9 A M L T .
. N
EAA, , , -
.
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I , public
( open ), EAA (
) . I,
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,
.
Chapter Four: Curriculum Issues. T
: (A) C L A P S C-
O O (B) T E I A.A. Constitutional Limitations That Affect Public School Cur-
riculum and Opt-Outs. T
. I
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B. Teaching Evolution and Its Alternatives. T
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9 A M L T .
. T
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Chapter Five: Student Religious Expression. T -
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A ,
S C
: Tinker, Hazelwood, Fraser, Morse. U Tinker, -
. N
Tinker,
- (Hazelwood);
(F); (Morse). A
, .
Chapter Six: School Activities and Accommodations. T -
: (A) S C S
S A; (B) O A; (C) A L-
R W.
A. School Calendar and Scheduling School Activities. T -
. I , - ,
. P
.
B. Other Accommodations. T -
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,
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
P
A.
C. Artistic and Literary Religious Works. T - . P
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H S, B,
.
* * *
A T
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Acknowledgments
T Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding
Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
R R G F. T -
G F .
T P R M. B J
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, P L; C R. DS, W A.
P P L; Mj MD, S J P-
L T; P C. MG, J C H. H
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E. T, P L; H S. T, T A P;
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, F, J.
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Chapter One: Overview
T U S C -
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C O: O
Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
T
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Lemon -
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E, F E, F S C,
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C T: S P
Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Chapter Two: School Prayer
Overview
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
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,10 -
,11
( ) .12
T
, 96, Engel v. Vitale13 C -
- R N
Y :
Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee,
and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers
and our Country.14
T S C R [] . .
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
3. Public Schools May Not Select Prayers for Recitation By
Students; Nor May Public Schools Start Each Day with a Bible
Reading
T C Engel
. T C
- -
, B. N,
j Engel , C
Abington School District v. Schempp.20 T, -
P
B L
P . A
, C
. . . [] . . . E C.21
T C E C
. T C -
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. I , E
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Surely the place o the Bible as an instrument o religion cannot
be gainsaid, and the States recognition o the pervading religious
character o the ceremony is evident rom the rules specic permis-
sion o the alternative use o the Catholic Douay version as well as
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the recent amendment permitting nonattendance at the exercises.
None o these actors is consistent with the contention that the Bible
is here used either as an instrument or nonreligious moral inspira-
tion or as a reerence or the teaching o secular subjects.24
T C j . Rz
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4. Schools May Not Set Aside Moments for Silent Prayer or
Meditation to Foster Prayer
I
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
F , 98, A z-
,29
, , . . . .30
I 98, S C Wallace v. Jaree31 A
E C.
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E C - -
. A
J OC Wallace,
the religious liberty protected by the Establishment Clause is in-
ringed when the government makes adherence to religion relevant
to a persons standing in the political community. Direct government
action religion or a particular religious practice is invalid
under this approach because it sends a message to nonadherents
that they are outsiders, not ull members o the political community,
and an accompanying message to adherents that they are insiders,
avored members o the political community.38
A OC, Lemons
.39
5. Prayer at Public School Functions Is Also Unconstitutional:Public Schools May Not Invite Outside Clergy to Graduation to
Give a Prayer or Invocation
C
, , .
A - , S C Engel v. Vitale
-
. S , S C -
.40
F , 99, S C, Lee v. Weisman,41
E C
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dissenter in this milieu could believe that the group exercise signied
her own participation or approval o it.
Finding no violation under these circumstances would place objec-
tors in the dilemma o participating, with all that implies, or pro-
testing. We do not address whether that choice is acceptable i the
aected citizens are mature adults, but we think the State may not,
consistent with the Establishment Clause, place primary and sec-
ondary school children in this position.45
P
.46 A
Marsh v. Cham-
bers C
E C47
.48
Coles ex rel. Coles v. Cleveland Board o Education49
-. T, S C, Lemon,
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- .56 S ,
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U, C
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, - ,
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Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe -
C
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, Santa Fe C
, -
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.68 W
- , .
7. But Students May Hold Prayer Services Before School
Around the Flag Pole or in the Cafeteria So Long As Faculty or
Outsiders Do Not Participate
I Santa Fe Independent School District. v. Doe, S C
- (
f ) . T C
C C -
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. B C
S -
.69 B , -
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.70 B,
S Y P ,
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C.71
W -
,
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. I Westeld High School L.I.F.E. Club v. City o Westeld,72
D C M -
. R
, [t]he mere acts that the school opened its channels o communi-
cation (i.e., daily bulletin, bulletin boards, student yearbook),
provided an adult sponsor who acts merely as a monitor and does
not actively or substantively participate in any o the Clubs activi-
ties,
f C , does
not mean that the LIFE Club can airly be characterized as part o
the school curriculum.73
R, Hazelwood School District. v. Kuhl-
meier,74
-
LIFE ( f) . I
, [] j Hazelwood,
[] LIFE C . T
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9 A M L T .
; []
; [] C
.75
T -
f, Daugherty v. Vanguard Charter School Academy,76
U S D C W D M -
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Daughtery, V -
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.78 B
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District79
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,
:
i the teachers attended the fagpole gatherings strictly in a passive or
supervisory capacity without participating in the prayer, their mere
presence would not be violative o the Establishment Clause. . . .
I, on the other hand, the teachers played a more active, participa-tory role in the prayer gathering, o which there is no evidence, then
plaintis claim would be stronger. . . . It ollows that [the school
district] could be held responsible or such teacher misconduct only
i plaintis also showed that the need or corrective action was so
obvious as to demonstrate that deendants were deliberately indi-
erent to and tacitly approved the misconduct. Plaintis have ailed
to present evidence to support such a nding.80
A Daugherty ,
,
.
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W Daugherty -
- ,
- . A ,
- S C
E C.
8. It Is Unclear Whether and to What Extent Student Speakers
at Graduations May Open Their Remarks with a Prayer, Make
Religious References in Their Speeches, or Give Sermons to
Attendees
A Santa Fe, S C -
-
. T
.F , Cole v. Oroville Union High School District,81
N C,
,
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D.84 T
: () D z
, ()
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D, (4) -
.85
B , -
- , E C -
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. F, Adler v. Duval Coun-
ty School Board,86 E C
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j . . . .87 A
, Adler
Santa Fe,
j ( )
.88 I ,
,
,
.89 A Santa Fe,
z ,90
. T
-
.91 M, Santa Fe -
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
j ,
() -
, () , .92T
. T :
A . . .
on his or her own ,
, . . . f j
.93 R, , -
f
.94
S, Chandler v. Siegelman,95 E C
- -
. . . .96 T
, - , : I
S. I
S. W C Santa Fe , - .
R , .97
9. Students May Pray Together Before a Game or Other School
Event but Coaches and Other School Ofcials Generally May
Not Participate
C -
F A
f F E, E
F S C . I ,
,
F E F S C,
E C .
A, ,
-
.
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
F , Doe v. Duncanville Independent. School District,98
F C
E C. S,
E C. T j
,
[] -, -
-
. D . . .
[] .99
Duncanville -
-
.100 B , U K L P P
K, []
, promot-ing endorsing -
. D Tinker F E C j, P-
K -
- :
there would seem to be nothing illegal or immoral i students wish
to pray collectively beore they engage in a particular event that
happens to be connected to a public school, as long as the prayer
is not disruptive o the activities o other students. [This is thedisruption test that comes rom T.] Certainly a group o stu-
dents may gather together in a nondisruptive way on public school
premises to pray beore an examination . . . , and this is so even
i the prayer on school property may exert subtle coercive pressure
upon others who necessarily will observe the prayer. I this activity
is permissible as a matter o ree speech and the ree exercise o re-
ligion, it would seem that collective student-initiated prayers beore
other school events, say athletic events or theatrical perormances,
may also be permissible i nondisruptive to the activity.101
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
10. Public Schools Are Often Required to Accommodate
Student Requests to Be Given Temporary Space for Prayer
Where Their Religion Requires Them to Pray
G F E C
Tinker, -
F E C
E C. T
E A A,
-
. . . , ,
. . . .102 T
.
T S M ,
. P M
. T -
, , .103 O ,
. T
S
M . T S,
. I
Wallace v. Jaree104 A E C
Lemon
.105
C
M ,
.106
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
Chapter Three: Equal Access
1. The Equal Access Act: An Overview
T E A A (EAA)
- -
.1 I , EAA -
-
, ,
, -
, , .2
A, EAA ()
() [] ,
[] () students () () , -
, , .
() B , EAA
. I ,
EAA
. N -
,
F EAA.3 I,
S 983 .4
() B , EAA
. T
,
.
T EAA
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
, , ,
.5
() T EAA student . B , EAA -
. F , Doe v. Duncanville Independent School
District, F C EAA
- -
.6 T ,
[]
, E A A . . . -
-
.7 N -
EAA
--.8
() T EAA
.9 A -
.10 O
,
, [EAA]
,
,
.11 A,
- ,
-
,
, ,
, C F.12
O -
,
. P EAA
:
() -;
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
() , -
, ;
(3) ;
(4)
;
() , , ,
.13
T ,
, E
C.
() F, EAA, ,
. I ,
EAA, C ,
EAA
, , .
2. Circumstances Under Which Equal Access ObligationsAre Triggered: The Relationship Among the Limited Open
Forum, Noncurriculum-Related Groups, and Fair Opportunity
to Meet
B
EAA, -
, , ,
EAA. A ,
-
.14 T EAA
.15 T EAA
.16
D - -
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
.25 I
EAA , C j
z - ( )
, , .26
N
j -
. F , Mergens, C j -
-
z S S
D.27 T C
EAA
, []
,
A ,
A .28
3. Navigating the Tension Between the EAAs Purpose ofProtecting Student Groups from Content-Based Discrimination
and a Schools Obligations Under the Establishment Clause
T EAA
-
j
, -
. E , EAA E C
. A,
EAA
() f
;
()
;
(3)
- ;
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
(4)
;() ;
(6)
z;
(7) .29
I Board o Education o the Westside Community Schools v. Mer-
gens,30 S C
E C EAA -
.31 I Mergens,
, --
, , ,
. T ,
, -
B M C C
, ,
E C. T .32
T S C
EAA . T C -
C EAA
.33 I Widmar
v. Vincent, C
-
E C Lemon
: [] , ,
.34 A Widmar EAA,
C EAA E C
EAA ,
, -
Lemon .35 T C
Lemon ,
EAA , , ,
.
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
T C j ( )
EAA
: F, EAA EAA
- . T C
: EAA
j . T
A , A.36 S,
EAA -
. T EAA
.37 T EAA -
, ,
, -
, .38
T,
.39
Rz , C
EAA
- .40
4. Schools Retain Authority to Decide Curriculum and to Avoid
the EAAs Obligations By Allowing Only Curriculum-Related
Student Groups but Schools May Not Circumvent the EAA By
Merely Calling All Student Groups Curriculum-Related
A S C Mergens, -
-
. M,
EAA
[EAA] -
,
A .41
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
A, - -
- : I -
- , B , . S Mergens, f
,
- EAA. I -
, j
-
j- . F , Donovan ex rel.
Donovan v. Punxsutawney Area School Board,42 T C
, -
.43 T j-
-.44 S, Colin ex rel. Colin v. Orange Uni-
ed School District,45 j
G-S A - -
.46 A Garnet v. Renton School District,47
F B L A
-
FBLA
,
FBLA .48
I Mergens EAA,
, .49 A,
-
z -
-. F , T C, Pope v. East Brunswick
Board o Education,50 j
K C, K, -
- j ,
,
H H ,
, , . T ,
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
EAA,
.51 N
.52
O ,
- EAA,
. I
East High Gay/Straight Alliance v. Board o Education o Salt Lake City School
District, U
G/S A
z --
EAA. I
, F H A
- , ,
j A T
E ,
.53
T F B L A
-
N H S -
[]
. . . . 54 A,
Mergens
, O M
- OM - ,
f
.55
5. Under the EAA, Schools Retain the Authority to Maintain
Order and Discipline on School Premises, to Protect the Well-
Being of Students and Faculty, and to Assure that Attendance
of Students at Meetings Is Voluntary
N
-
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9 A M L T .
,
.56 I ,
. . . , - ,
.57 F ,
-
. . . []
.58
A ,
EAA -
.59 B C
EAA S C Mergens
EAA,
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community
School District.60 I Tinker, S C C-
- . . .
,61 . . . []
62 I ,
-
-
.63 T .64
C -
.65 F ,
Bowler v. Town o Hudson,66
C-
C z
,
I A-
67
. A Tinker, ,
,
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
.68
W Tinker -
EAA, Tinker
j .69
I, engaging in the orbidden conduct
-
.70 T Tinker: R
,71 Tinker C
-
by those participating in it.72 A
, Boyd County High School Gay Straight Alliance
v. Board o Education o Boyd County,
G S
A C -
.73
L , , EAA
,74
. F , Ger-
netzke v. Kenosha Unied School District No. 1, S C
,
,
B C 4 , , , B - N T-
. . . , .75 I
S -Nz,
C
. . . [
] S -Nz ,
.76 T -
B C
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
.77 S, Caudillo v. Lubbock Independent School District,78
f GS A -
,
.79 T
EAA --
-
T IX . 80 T
EAA ---
- ,
,
.81
6. Non-Discrimination Principle: Once Obligations Under the
EAA Are Triggered, Schools Must Grant Religious Clubs the
Same Privileges They Grant to Other Clubs, Including Use of
School Bulletin Boards and the Public Address System
I - , EAA
, -
. I, S C Mergens EAA
,
, , , , C
F.82 A N C : T A
Mergens
. A .83
F, [, -
]
, []
.84
L , -
-
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
E A A,
E A A . F
, Boyd County High School Gay Straight Alliance v. Board o Edu-cation o Boyd County,85 C
EAA G S A
, , ,
- . I z Mergens
, C : []
EAA
. 86 A,
- ,
,
.87
7. Public Schools Are Not Traditional Public Fora for First
Amendment Purposes Although a School Can Create a Limited
Public Forum Depending on How It Chooses to Allow OutsideGroups to Use Its Facilities
T , -
, ,
, .
I ,
,
.88 T
:
.89 S,
, -
.90 I , - ,
,
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
j
,
, .91
I - .92
A,
,93 -
, z.94 I -
. . . ,
, ,
, ,
.95 A
,
.96
A
.97 F , Widmar v. Vincent,
C U M K C
z
.98 T C U -
, U
.99 I City o Madison Joint School District
v. Wisconsin Employment Relations Commission, C -
,
j
.100 I Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Deense and Educational Fund, Inc.,
C F A
j
- -
. . .
.101
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
8. Once Public Schools Create a Limited Public Forum,
Constitutional Free Speech Principles, Such As Content and
Viewpoint Discrimination Prohibitions, Apply but SchoolsRemain in Control of Who They Invite to School Assemblies
A , -
,
EAA. F , Lambs Chapel v.
Center Moriches Union Free School District, C
, ,
, N Y z
-
,
. A, F S
C F A
- C .102
T C [] First Amendment
j, -
. . .
. . . .103
A , C
F S C
. A
Lemon, C j
E C:
The showing o this lm series would not have been during school
hours, would not have been sponsored by the school, and would
have been open to the public, not just to church members. The
[school] property had repeatedly been used by a wide variety o pri-
-
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9 A M L T .
.111 A, -
-
, .T Donovan ex rel. Donovan v. Punxsutaw-
ney Area School Board, -
-
. D ,
. I , T C-
EAA B C
.112
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Chapter Four:
Curriculum Issues
A. Constitutional Limits that Affect Public School
Curriculum and Opt-Outs
1. Schools Cannot Use Religious Criteria for Selecting or
Removing Books from the School Library Collection
A
, F A
, ,
.1 F ,
C D On the Origin o Species M T
Adventures o Huckleberry Finn . O ,
. A,
,2 -
-
j.
I , S C, Board o Ed-
ucation, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico,3
,
, , .4 B
C curriculum,
. . .
,
.5
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
2. Public Schools May, but Are Not Constitutionally Compelled
to, Allow Students to Opt Out of Material in Classes That Is
Inconsistent with Their Religious Beliefs
G ,
: F,
-
. I Pierce v. Society o the Sisters o the Holy Names o Jesus and Mary,6
S C -
-
. I C ,
.7 I ,
j .8 A
, j
, j .
S,
j . I
,
, F E C
.9
T Mozert v. Hawkins County Board o
Education,10
- -
. I , j , ,
j . I ,
,
; ,
, T, : -
.11
T -
. I j-
-
, [] ,
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
F E C
.12 B
[] ; C E
C E C.13
T Mozert ,
C -
-.14 W
- -
, -, C-
( )
.15
T -
j.16
F -, -
j j.17
S - .18 A -
.19 B -
R O T C (ROTC)
, ROTC j ,
.20
3. In General, Students May Not Opt Out of Large Segments
of a Curriculum (e.g., Elementary School Reading) and Learn
About It at Home Because of Religious Objections to the
Method By Which It Is Taught (e.g., not Using Phonics)
N C -
.
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
A - , -
- , , . A
- .U E C
-
,21 -
F
F A.22 B,
, ,
,
,
-
,
,
, .23
A, -
()
; ()
; (3)
; (4)
.24 T
.25
4. Public Schools Can Prohibit Students From Submitting
Book Reports on Scriptures, including Religious References
in Art Projects, Where the Report or Project Does Not Comply
with the Exercises Pedagogical Purpose
C -
-
-
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9 A M L T .
.26 A
.27
N -
, -
,
, ,
.
F , - -
. F , Peck v. Baldwinsville School District,
- , ,
.28 I Curry v. Saginaw,29
. A ,
F S C
.30
B. Teaching Evolution and Its Alternatives
1. Overview: Schools Can Neither Outlaw the Teaching of
Evolution Nor Give Equal Time for Discussion of Evolutionand Creation Science31
T -
E
C F A. T
.32 T
F A
F A,33
.34 I ,
-
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
F A.35
T F A , .36 A
, Lemon v. Kurtzman, S C
-
E C.37 F, -
.38 S,
.39 T,
.40 S E-
C .41 F
, Lemon -
E C
T C K .42 B S-
C McCreary County v. ACLU, E C
, Lemon
- .43
I , . T
, J OC Lynch v. Donnelly,44
Lemon
.45 I Lemon ,
, ,
.46 T
S C County o Allegheny v. ACLU,47 -
, [E] C, , -
.48
C S C
989,
-
S C, Allegheny.49 P-Allegheny
-
. F , Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish
Board o Education,50 U S C A F C
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
, -
.51 I Selman v. CobbCounty Sch. Dist.,52 , Lemon
,
, ,
, .53 A -
, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District,54 ,
, j P
-
D , -
D .55
H, -
. T
Lemon , .
B ,
, j -
.56
W , -
, E C. I , -
. T
.
2. The Theory of Evolution Meets the Denition of Science57
S .
S . I
, j . S
, -
. S j
.58
S , , , -
. F ,
-
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
.59 H ,
. . . ,
. F , IQ ,
IQ .60 T -
-
. S z-
. T []
. [T ]
. 61 S ,
, , .62
A -,
, , -
, . 63 S
, , -
. 64
T - . A , D
, -
: ()
; ()
; (3) -
-
; (4)
; () -
.65
T . E
. E
. F ,
. T -
,
, , -
.66 T
, - , , . F
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
,
- .67 N
- - , - ,
DDT- .68
E . F ,
() -
. C -DNA- .
G
. S DNA
. T -
. A
, .
S
. I - D,
, .69 A, , D j-
, B W
P ,
.70
F, D
-
. D . T
-
.
3. It Is Long Settled That Public Schools Cannot Forbid the
Teaching of Evolution As Part of Their High School Science
Curriculum71
D -,
.72 B -96, (T, A,
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
M) - . O
A L, T A-E
A Scopes .73 T A
,
.74 V
j .
I 96, A , S E,
A .75 I Epperson v. Arkansas,
U S S C A --
, .76 T C
E C -
f
; , Book o Genesis
.77
T C
, -, .78 A C F A-
,
.79 T C A-
; ,
f -
.80 B f
[]
A .81 I C , F
A
.82
A , C [] -
. . .
F A-
.83 T , ,
A - . R
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
- ,
, C
A [-
C] Book o Genesis -
.84 T C
A .85
4. It Is Equally Well Settled That Public Schools Cannot
Compel the Teaching of Creationism Alongside Evolution As
Part of the High School Science Curriculum86
A S C -
, -
- ,
E .
A , -
: [] Genesis f .87 C
-
,
.88
T
E C U S S C
987. I Edwards v. Aguillard, S C
L B T A, -
.89 A A
, C A
, -
.90 T C :
Even i academic reedom is read to mean teaching all o the evi-
dence with respect to the origin o human beings, the Act does not
urther this purpose. The goal o providing a more comprehensive
science curriculum is not urthered either by outlawing the teaching
o evolution or by requiring the teaching o creation science.91
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
R, C , A
.92T C A -
:
.93 T C
94 ,
, .95 R ,
C A
. O
j ,
.96 I , C B-
T A
-
Epperson
.97 Sz ,
C E C alike or -
.98
5. Public Schools May Not Teach Intelligent Design
Alongside Evolution As Part of the High School Science
Curriculum
I , , .99 T -
. P
, - , -
-
. ID z
, -
, j
,
.100
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
I , -
. I Kitzmiller v. Dover
Area School District,101 P - , D
A S D S /-
D ,
. N: O L .102
A S C ,
j
, Kitzmiller
j
. T
, - -
.103 T
j j
D [ S D]
.104
T , ,
D
. T
.
T
, D A S D
. T -, ,
. F, -
-
.105 S,
,
f -
.106 A ,
;
. T,
, -
-
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R P S | A R M A L R P L R
9 A M L T .
( ),
. A ,
-, - ,
.107 T
Lemon ,
. T C :
The disclaimers plain language, the legislative history, and the
historical context in which the [intelligent design] [p]olicy arose, all
inevitably lead to the conclusion that Deendants consciously chose
to change Dovers biology curriculum to advance religion. [The]
wealth o evidence . . . reveals that the Districts purpose was to ad-
vance creationism, an inherently religious view, both by introducing
it directly under the label [intelligent design] and by disparaging the
scientic theory o evolution, so that creationism would gain cre-
dence by deault as the only apparent alternative to evolution.108
A ,
C ,
. C ?109 T
, ,
O Pandas and People (
C z) . I
, . T
[] [] -
.110 H
z,
.
F Kitzmiller,
-
G. A
-
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
G
,
: T
. I ,
G,
S. T A G.
B J-
C G A, ,
,
. F,
. S,
. I-
j ;111
;
.
6. Nor May Public School Teachers Claim an AcademicFreedom Right to Teach about Intelligent Design
I
. I
, -
E C j
.112 A,
, - , . F
, Peloza v. Capistrano Unied School District,
-
.113 T
z
. R,
is one o those especially respected persons chosen to teach in the
high schools classroom. He is clothed with the mantle o one who
imparts knowledge and wisdom. His expressions o opinion are all
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the more believable because he is a teacher. The likelihood o high
school students equating his views with those o the school is sub-
stantial. To permit him to discuss his religious belies with students
during school time on school grounds would violate the Establish-
ment Clause o the First Amendment. Such speech would not have
a secular purpose, would have the primary eect o advancing reli-
gion, and would entangle the school with religion. In sum, it would
funk all three parts o the [L] test.114
L, Webster v. New Lenox School District
. I ,
, -
.115
T j-
j
. F , Roberts v. Madigan,
B
;
B ; .116 T
B
,
, [
B ] .117 A
P S G. G , []
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.118
I , P
G
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would permit widespread disobedience o the Supreme Courts
school prayer precedents by allowing public school ocials to per-
mit teachers to disguise religious speech as individual religious
speech. In such cases, the public would clearly (and oten correctly)
perceive that the teachers were ullling the unstated desires o gov-
ernment ocials who are prohibited rom ocially endorsing the
communitys dominant aith.119
I ,
j
,
, T VII
C R A.120
7. Public Schools May Limit the Extent to Which Students
Raise Religious Evidence against Evolution in Science Class
Discussion in the Same Manner By Which Those Schools
Limit Other Class Discussions
T
E C . A
, j .
I , j
- .121
I , z 122: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dis-
trict123 Hazelwood School District v. Kulmeier.124 U Tinker,
[] [] []
.125 U Hazelwood, -
- ,
, [ ]
.126
T
Tinker. T
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9 A M L T .
. T . P
j
Hazelwood . A , S C z []
.127
T , Hazelwood, -
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, ,
.128 A-
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- -
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T - . I
,
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.129 T E C .
8. Creationism and Intelligent Design Cannot Be Taught in
Public Schools, but Objective, Academic Discussion about
Religion, Such As Its Role in History, Is Permissible in Some
Contexts As Long As the Approach Is Educational and Not
Devotional
I Epperson v. Arkansas, -
, S C z -
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E F E C.
T C [] B
, j , F A -
, S
.130 N,
,
C.131
A, School District o Abington Township v. Schempp,132
B -
, S C
:
In addition, it might well be said that ones education is not complete
without a study o comparative religion or the history o religion and
its relationship to the advancement o civilization. It certainly maybe said that the Bible is worthy o study or its literary and historic
qualities. Nothing we have said here indicates that such study o the
Bible, or o religion, when presented objectively as part o a secular
program o education, may not be eected consistently with the
First Amendment.133
I, -
, - , -
,
.134 G ,
j ,
z -
, B
.
B , S C -
-
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,
.135 F ,[u]nder current law, public school authorities may, thereore, regu-
late or even prohibit certain student and teacher speech to assure
that participants learn whatever lessons the activity is designed to
teach, that readers or listeners are not exposed to material that may
be inappropriate or their level o maturity, and that the views o the
individual speaker are not erroneously attributed to the school.136
A ,
S
T, E C .137
Busch v. Marple Newtown School District138 . I
, B
A M U. T
B
, - .139 B
E C .140
T -
,
, , , -
- .141
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C F: S R E
Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Chapter Five:
Student Religious Expression
A. Overview of the Constitutional Limits of Student
Expression: Tinker
Q -
F S E C. S -
.1 T
,
E C
.
S
S C: Tinker, Fraser,Hazelwood, Morse. A, I
S C j
. T Tinker v. Des Moines Independent
Community School District.2 S B
. S C
Tinker .
T F A F S C ,
, .3T S C, F S C, -
,4 .5
I -
F A,
: [] z
[]
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,7 j
. . .
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.8 I, ,
,
j .9F -
. A C Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School
District ,
.10 N,
z
- .11
A Tinker, -
U.S. V W,12 C
[] -
.13 S
,
.14 M,
.15
I Tinker , -
,
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, .17
A, Tinker - -
[] .18
T ,
, z .19 B, Tinker
, ,
, ,
. . . .20
A
-
, C
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9 A M L T .
.
E .
B. Common Public School Situations
1. The Fraser Rule: Schools Are Given Greater Latitude in
Restricting Student Speech When the Student Presents the
Speech in a Lewd, Vulgar, or Offensive Manner
T S C
, , . I Bethel
County School District No. 403 v. Fraser,21 -
-
-,
6 , 4--.22 D
, F , , - .23 S
; []
[ ] ;
.24 O
.25 A ,
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.26
T S C
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.27 I
Tinker, C
.28 G
, C
.29
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9 A M L T .
ever lessons the activity is designed to teach, that readers or listen-
ers are not exposed to material that may be inappropriate or their
level o maturity, and that the views o the individual speaker are
not erroneously attributed to the school. Hence, a school may in its
capacity as publisher o a school newspaper or producer o a school
play disassociate itsel, [F, 478 U.S. at 685], not only rom
speech that would substantially interere with [its] work . . . or im-
pinge upon the rights o other students, [T, 393 U.S. at 509],
but also rom speech that is, or example, ungrammatical, poorly
written, inadequately researched, biased or prejudiced, vulgar or
proane, or unsuitable or immature audiences.37
L Hazelwood
- (..,
, , ).38
3. Morse: Schools Are Given Greater Latitude in Restricting
Student Speech When an Administrator Could ReasonablyInterpret the Speech As Endorsing Illegal Drug Use
S -
. T
Morse v. Frederick,39 S C
BONG HITS 4
JESUS O , , .
A , Morse
Tinker, Fraser, Hazelwood
.40 N, C
Morse ,41
,42 F
.43
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T C
-
. I , , C
,44
.45
C. Applying Tinker and its Progeny to StudentReligious Speech
1. Overview
S . I f,
: T--,
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. B ,
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-
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OBrien ,
.46 U , -
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.
2. Students Can Wear T-shirts Emblazoned with Religious
Messages or Engage in Other Speech Unless the School Can
Articulate Particular Facts Showing That the Speech Did or
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9 A M L T .
Would Cause a Substantial Disruption or Material Interference
with Classroom Activities
[C] T- Tinker
, ,
Bethel County School District No. 403 v. Fraser.47 A,
T- J
L Y, -
.48 T
. I ,
T-
Tinker .
T Tinker
.
O Tinker
-
. I -
, Harper v. Poway Unied School District,49
T- B A, O S E W
G H C H S R :7
.50 T N C
Tinker
.51
T S C -
Tinker
f -. INuxoll ex rel. Nuxoll v. Indian Prairie School District No. 204 Board o
Education,52
j
My D S, S A
B H, N G, .53 T
D T, -C D S,
- . U ,
[] N G ,
-
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.54 I
, j Tinker,55 , -
, Fraser,56
57 Morse v. Frederick.58 T , ,
-C, - B H,
N G T- D
T. T j
-
. A
-
. 59
A
Tinker N C Harper.60 INixon v. Northern Local
School District Board o Education,61
Tinker
T- :
INTOLERANT/J . . . I , ./J
4:6 H !/I !/
A !/S j !
.62 N Tinker -
,63
, f T-
,
,64
j ,
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.65
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9 A M L T .
3. Religion-Neutral Regulations of General Applicability, Such
As Dress Codes and Grooming Policies, Are Constitutionally
Valid Even Where the Regulation Burdens Religion
T z - -
, ,
Employment Division, Department o Human Resources v. Smith.66 I Smith,
C F E C
j
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. I , C
( ) (
).67
A Smith , -
, ,
E F E C. T , , J
, M j,
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.68
P
.69 C -
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9 A M L T .
. A R F R A
( RFRA)71 R F R
A (RFRA) .72 G -, ,
RFRA
.
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.73 M j
.74 B ,
.75
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
Chapter Six: School Activities
and Accommodations
A. School Calendar and Scheduling School Activities
1. Public Schools May Close on Religious Holidays If They Do
So for Valid Secular Reasons
T S C
,
. T C G F
, ,
(..,
). T Y
K R H: I J, H H
, .
A ,
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.2 A,
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[ ]
.4
2. Schools Must Permit Students to Make Up Work and Tests
Missed Due to Observing Religious Holidays, Unless Students
Are Missing Several Weeks of School Per Semester
P
. F
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C
C .19 T S C
, ,
S C, j .20
A , ,
, , , , S
C, .21 B,
C ,
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, Lynch v. Donnelly
E C
,23 z
, . T
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.24
I S C
, j ,
.25
W H, E
C -
, -
W , H .26
B. Other Accommodations
1. Schools May Provide Kosher Meals in the Cafeteria to
Accommodate the Religious Dietary Practices of Jewish
Students but Are Not Required to Provide Special Spaces for
Such Meals
A , j
M ,
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C S: S A A
Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
. A Smith, -
F A .
2. Public Schools Could Probably Eliminate the Words Under
God from the Pledge of Allegiance to Meet the Demands of
Non-Theistic Parents
I 94, C P A,27
z -
f U S A.28 I 94, C
P A G
N . 29 T
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, []
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P A.34 B -
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.35
W 94 A P
A G
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Lemon
94 A . A , 94 A
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Lemon . M,
- P .
A N C Newdow v. U.S. Congress (New-dow I), U S G
. I , ,
P
A ,
.36 T P A
Lee v. Weisman.37
B N C-
Newdow. F, S C
.38 T,
. I , S
C , N C
, N C
.39 S,
P . O j
, U.S. S C.
B , S
C .
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.40 A , C P
.41 S
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- ,42
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J .47 A
E C .48 T
.49 N
, J
.50
T , S C Van Orden v. Perry51
T C F O
E T S C
z E-
C
, 789,
A ,
.52 B C
- . T
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,
, , ,
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.54
2. Public School Libraries May Contain Holy Scriptures So
Long As Their Inclusion Does Not Show Preference for OneParticular Sect or Religious Works in General
T S C B
, B -
j -
F A.55 T S C
, ,
.56
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C S: S A A
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9 A M L T .
F S C ,
[] B
.57 T
B F A
Board o Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No.
26 v. Pico
j .58 B, -
B ,
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C.59 F, B
,
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[]
.60
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Religion in the Public Schools: A Road Map or Avoiding Lawsuits and Respecting Parents Legal Rights
9 A M L T .
End Notes
End Notes - Chapter One T S C R C
F A C . C, 3 U.S. 96, 33 (94). E . A, 48 U.S. 78, 8-83 (987).3 B. E., I T U F S. D. N. 6 . P, 47 U.S. 83, 864
(98).4 43 U.S. 6 (97). Id. 6-3. A , 4, J OC
j Lemon.6 E D., D. H R O. . S, 494 U.S. 87, 877
(99).7 P . H, 4 F.3 87, 3 ( C 8) ( Smith, 494 U.S. 877).8 Smith, 494 U.S. 878-8.9 C L B A, I. . C H, 8 U.S. , 3
(993). C Smith -
.See R F R A 993 (RFRA), 4 U.S.C. et seq.B S C RFRA . C B . F, U.S. 7, 36 (997). T, RFRA - .
See, e.g., J . C C S. D. 6 F.3 49, 439 (9 C. 8) ( - Smith, 494 U.S. 879). O , -- T-, J- L Y.
SeeLukumi, 8 U.S. 3 (
).3 Lukumi, 8 U.S. 33. F , Lukumi, S C
, , [] , [] - . Id. 46.
4 Smith, 494 U.S. 88-8. F , West Virginia State Bd. o Educ. v. Barnette,
39 U.S. 64 (943), W V f P A - J W. I , .
6 494 U.S. 87, 877 (99) ( O - - N AC).
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9 A M L T .
End Notes - Chapter Two
37 U.S. 4 (96). A M-W O D, Prayer,://.-.// ( J. 8, 9).
3 A [] . S F I.S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9, 37 .9 () ( W T N I D 9 (993)).
4 E G U S. D. . N, 4 U.S. , (4). F - P A, C 6.
J . R, 7 WL 87977, * (N.D.N.Y. 7).6 Id. *.
7 E . V, 37 U.S. 4 (96).8 A S. D. . S, 374 U.S. 3 (963).9 Id. W . J, 47 U.S. 38 (98). L . W, U.S. 77 (99). S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9 ().3 37 U.S. 4 (96).4 Id. 4. Id. 4.6 Id.7 Id. 43.
8 Id. 43.9 Id. 374 U.S. 3 (963). Id. 3. Id. .3 Id. 3-4.4 Id. 4. Id. -6.6 Id. ( J M, Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious
Assessments (78)). MadisonsMemorial James Madison on Reli-gious Liberty (R S. A ., 98) available at R F
P, Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments, ://-...//__78. ( M. 4, 9).
7 Schempp, 374 U.S. .8 Id.9 W . J, 47 U.S. 38, 4 . (98) ( A C
6--.).3 Id. 43 ( ).3 47 U.S. 38 (98).3 Id. 4.33 Id. ( W V B. E. . B, 39 U.S. 64, 637
(943)).34 Id. .3 Id. -4.36 Id. 3 .37 ( E . B. E., 33 U.S. , 8 (947)).37 Id. 6.
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38 Id. 69 ( L . D, 46 U.S. 668, 688 (984)(OC, J., )).
39 Id. ( ) ( ). See also W . W V
B. E., 6 F. S. 69, 7-77 (S.D. W.V. 98) ( EC - -- - , , J ).
4 E . V, 37 U.S. 4, 43 (96).4 U.S. 77 (99).4 Id. 8.43 Id. 87.44 Id. 9 ( ).4 Id. 93.46 See D . T P S. B., 473 F.3 88 ( C. 6), vacated and re-
manded en banc with instructions to dismiss on the issue o standing,494 F.3 494 (C. 7) ( ); C . C . C B. E., 7 F.3 369 (6C. 999); B . P V U S. D. B. E., F. A 3 (9C. ).
47 M . C, 463 U.S. 783 (983).48 See, e.g., L . W, U.S. 77, 96-97 (99) ( Marsh
- -); see also C A . A. C L U G PC, 49 U.S. 73, 63 (989) (, , - ) ( ).
49 7 F.3 369 (6 C. 999). Id. 379 ( L . W, U.S. 77, 69 (99) (B, J.,
)). Id. 377. 7 F.3 378 ( MC . B. E., 333 U.S. 3, 3 (948) (F-
, J., )).3 Id. 38.4 Id. K A. B, The Push to Private Religious Expression: Are We Missing Some-
thing?, 7 Fordham L. Rev. 47, 6 ().6 S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9, 97 ().7 Id. 96-98.8 Id. 3.9 Id. 3 (j
R . R V U. V., U.S. 89 (99) ).
6 Id. 34.6 Id. 3.6 Id. 3-6.63 Id. 3.64 Id. 37.
6 Id. 38.66 Id. 39 ( ).67 Id. ( ).68 Id. 39-.
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69 Id. 33.7 K K L L, The Establishment Clause: A Survey o Recent Re-
ligious Cases Decided Within the Sixth Circuit, 9 N. Ky. L. Rev. 73, () (-
S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9 ()); see also F MG, Religions, Fragmentations, and Doctrinal Limits, Wm. & Mary Bill Rts.J. ,4 (6) ( , - f z C , .).
7 D . D . W C S. S., 64 F. S. 766, 79-98, 8-3(M.D. T. 8) ( F A - - , , -
, - - ).
7 49 F. S. 98 (D. M. 3).73 Id. 7 ( ) ( ).74 484 U.S. 6 (988).7 49 F. S. 876 6 F. S. 897 (W. D. M. ).77 Id. 97, 9.78 Id. 9.79 393 U.S. 3 (969).
8 Daugherty, 6 F. S. 9 ( ).8 8 F.3 9 (9 C. ).8 Id. .7.83 Id. .84 Id. 3.8 Id. See generally D H, One Nation Under God: Freedom o Religion In
Schools and Extracurricular Athletic Events in the Opening Years o the New Millen-
nium, 8 Whittier L. Rev. 37 ().86 F.3 33, 33 ( C. ) ( ).87 Id. 336 ( S F I. S. D. . D, 3 U.S. 9, 3 ()).88 Alder, F.3 336, 337.89 Id. 336.9 Id. 337-38.9 Id. 337.9 Id. 338.93 Id. 339.94 Id.9 3 F.3 33 ( C. ).96 Id. 3.97 Id. 36.98 7 F.3 4 ( C.99).
99 Id. 46 ( B . A, 96 F. 66, 73 ( C. 99) ( [] )).
See also B . S. D. T. O E. B, 3 F.3 3, 6-68, 74
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(3 C. 8) ( - E C
); J . D C S. D., 86 F. 84, 88-33 ( C. 989)( - );D . A I. S. D., 63 F. S. 883, 88-88 (S.D. T. 98) ( - G).
P C. K, Lets Bring Religion Into the Public Schools and Respect the ReligionClauses, 49 U. Kan. L. Rev. 593, 67-8 () ( ). See alsoG F L B, Applying the First Amendment to Prayer in a Public Uni-versity Locker Room: An Athletes and Coachs Perspective, 4 Marq. Sports L. J. 3(994).
U.S.C. 47() (9). F - E A A,
C 3.3 See, e.g., C . N Y, 998 WL 969, * (S.D.N.Y. A. , 998) (-
S).4 47 U.S. 38 (98). See supra. S . T. H S. D. 94 F. S. 98, 99 (N.D. I. J. , 9).
A Wallace v. Jaree, - -- C M . See, e.g., W. W V B. E., 6 F. S. 69, 7-73, 7-77 (S.D. W.V. 98)( - -- F A C - J -
).6 F , C 6.
End Notes - Chapter Three U.S.C. 47 (9). T EAA
. F ,seeLambs Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District, 8 U.S. 384 (993),
. U.S.C. 47().3 U.S.C. 47().4 4 U.S.C. 983 (9). See, e.g., G-S A . S. B., 477 F. S.
46, 49- (S.D. F. 7) ( S983 EAA).
See inra S 6 .6 994 F. 6, 6-6, 64 ( C. 993).7 994 F. 64 ( B. E. . M, 496 U.S. 6, -3 (99)).8 P . E B B. E., F.3 44, 46, 49 (3 C. 993) (-
47(),
EAA, - 47()(), A ). See generally D L, Eq