Download - Religious Traditions of the Middle East
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Religious Traditions of the Middle East
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J-C-I Activity1. Their holy book is called the
Koran2. Jesus is considered the son
of God3. Accepts both the Old and
New Testaments as holy Books
4. Followers participate in a pilgrimage to Mecca
5. Oldest of the three6. Abraham is regarded as the
father of their people7. Believes in one supreme
being8. Place of worship is a mosque9. Accepts the Torah as its only
holy book
10. Abraham and Moses are considered prophets
11. Jerusalem is considered a holy city
12. Call themselves Muslims13. 10 commandments are
accepted as guidelines14. Jesus is recognized as a
prophet15. Believes in the divine
creation of the universe16. Second oldest of the three17. Holy Book includes the
story of the birth of Jesus18. Place of worship is the
synagogue
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Judaism
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Judaism: Origins►2500 and 1500 BC
May be the oldest religion still being practiced
►Palestine Region where Judaism first appeared Along the East coast of the
Mediterranean, present day Israel►Abraham- Covenant
According to the Old Testament, a prophet named Abraham (Mesopotamia) was called out by God to be the father of his chosen people.
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Judaism: History►Abraham 2500 – 1500 BC►Moses & the Egyptian Capitivity
Credited for writing most of the Torah Led Jews out of slavery in Egypt
►Saul, David, Solomon c. 1050 – 931 BCE Height of the Kingdom of Israel Capital city was established in Jerusalem
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Judaism: History►Invasions 722 – 66 BC
Assyrians, Babylonians, Alexander the Great, & Romans
►Tried to throw off Roman rule Jerusalem, was destroyed along with the
temple Jewish Diaspora, c. 70 AD - dispersal of
Jews around the world (Saudi Arabia, Spain, Italy, etc.)
Still pray toward Jerusalem & the site of the temple
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Judaism: History►Wailing Wall-
“Western Wall”, holy site, last remaining portion of the temple
Solomon’s Temple
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Judaism: Beliefs and Practices
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Judaism: Beliefs and Practices
►Torah - the core scriptures in Judaism, traditionally written in Hebrew Ten Commandments are located in the
book of Exodus 1st passed down through oral tradition Extensive Ethical Law
►commitment and observance to the law, keeping the Sabbath, no pork, etc.
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Judaism: Beliefs and Practices
►Synagogue: Jewish place of worship Also the center of social life for many Jews Rabbi- “teacher,” teaches and leads the
synagogue►More than 14 million Jews live around
the world►Sects/Denominations: Reform, Hasidic,
Orthodox
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Christianity
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Christianity: History►Began in the 1st Century AD in
Palestine►Based on the belief that Jesus Christ is
the son of God (Messiah) Crucifixion- method of execution common
throughout the Roman Empire Killed in Jerusalem between 30-33 AD
►Quickly spread throughout the Roman Empire due to uniform language & easy travel
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Christianity: History►The first Christians were Jews,
eventually became its own religion following the Diaspora.
►Edict of Milan Emperor Constantine legalized & officially
recognized Christianity, 313 AD►Emperor Theodosius made it the
official state religion of the Roman Empire, 379 AD
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Christianity: Beliefs and Practices
►Bible Old Testament – incorporation of the Jewish
scriptures into the Christian Bible, Torah, Prophets, etc.
New Testament - accepted as an addition to the Old Testament►Made up of the teachings of Jesus and his followers
known, as his disciples►Official language was Greek and Latin until the 400
years ago►Sects: Roman Catholicism, Orthodox,
Protestant►2 Billion Christians
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Christianity: Beliefs and Practices
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Islam
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Islam: History►Founded by the Prophet Muhammad
who lived AD 570-632. Born in Mecca (present day Saudi Arabia),
he was a wealthy merchant in a city of polytheistic idol worship
Experienced revelations from God “Allah” (610)►1) There is only one God►2) all must submit to his will.
►Islam- means “submission to God”►Muslim- means “those who submit to
God”
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Islam: History►AD 622- Muhammad fled to Medina as
a result of persecution in Mecca because of his insistence that there was only one God, not many.
►Later returned and conquered Mecca Claimed it as a holy city Became a religious and political leader of
much of the Arabian Peninsula.
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Islam: History►Islam spread by the expansion of
Muslim Empires, as well as missionaries.
►Holy Cities: Mecca - born, site of the Hajj Medina - where he is buried Jerusalem - where he ascended into
heaven one night, Night Ascension (621 AD)
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Dome of the Rock
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Islam: Beliefs & Practices
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Islam: Beliefs and Practices►Mosque - place of worship for Muslims►Qu’ran (Koran)
The sacred book in Islam Written in Arabic, God’s word recorded by
Muhammad Contains Islam’s key principles and many
Old & New Testament biblical references.►Muhammad taught that Abraham,
Moses, and Jesus were earlier prophets of Allah, but he was the last prophet
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Islam: Beliefs and Practices►After Muhammad’s death there was a split
over succession as Caliph (Muhammad was both a political and religious leader) Shi’a (minority) supported Muhammad’s son-in-
law (Ali) as heir Sunni (majority) supported Muhammad’s
father-in-law (Abu Bakr) as heir, still make up a majority of Muslims today
►Members of one Islamic group do not usually recognize members of other groups as fellow Muslims, and open conflict between sects is not uncommon.
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Islam: Beliefs and PracticesFive Pillars of Islam: ►1. Shahada – “There is no God but
Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet”►2. Salat – Five daily prayers, can take
place anywhere, men are encouraged to go to a Mosque
►3. Sawm – Muslims are required to fast during the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan
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Islam: Beliefs and Practices►4. Zagat - giving money to the poor
&/or needy All things belong to God and wealth is
held by human beings in trust 2.5% of savings or profits & 5 -10% of
harvest►5. Hajj – every person is required to
make journey to the city of Mecca at least once in their lifetimes during a certain month Umrah – lesser pilgrimage at any time;
encouraged, but not required
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Questions:►What things do Judaism, Christianity, & Islam all have in common?►In what ways are they different?
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Common Features►One God (monotheistic)►God created the Universe►Have holy book►Scripture has ultimate authority►Originated in Palestine►Jerusalem is holy city►Human Suffering as a test of faith►One life and eternal judgment►Reward or Punishment after death
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Differences►Islam
Prophet Mohammed
Quran is word of God
Initially spread in violence.
5 Pillars of Islam
Worship in a mosque
► Judaism Messiah is
coming Torah is Word
of God Spread in
peace 10
Commandments
Worship in a synagogue
►Christianity Worship Jesus
as the son of God
Bible is the word of God
10 Commandments
Initially spread in peace
Worship in a church