Renewable Diesel
DEER
August 2007
What Are Fats/Oils?
� Fats & Oils Have the Same Chemistry � Fats are solid �Oils are liquids
� Triglycerides � 3 Carbon tri-alcohol, glycerin
� 3 Long-Chain (typically C16C18) fatty acids attached to glycerin – ester linkage
Animal Fat2
Animal Fat vs. Vegetable Oil
� Animal Fat �More highly saturated
� Vegetable Oil �More unsaturation
(>50% di & poly)� Lower melting point
Soy Oil 3
Renewable Diesel Process
Diesel Hydrotreater Renewable Diesel
Mixture Crude Renewable Fats/Oils
Hydrogen
Cru
de D
istil
latio
n
Straight Run Diesel Cycle Oil, etc
Straight Run Gasoline
Straight Run Resid
Note: Capital investment is required at refineries to modify infrastructure to enable renewable fats & oils processing.
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Renewable Diesel Chemistry O =
H2COC(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH3O =Fat or Oil
(Triglyceride)
Renewable Diesel
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HCOC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)4CH3
H2COC(CH2)7CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH3
= O
CH3 CH3(CH2)16CH3 + 2H2O
CH2 + CH3(CH2)15CH3 + CO2
CH3
Propane
n-Paraffins
Hydrotreating Heat, Hydrogen, Catalyst
Biodiesel Chemistry
H2CHOCR
O=
H2COH
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| | HCHOCR +3 MeOH HCOH + 3MeOCR
| | biodiesel H2CHOCR H2COH
glycerin
R = C17H31 (typical)
Works Best With Virgin Vegetable Oils
=O
=O
=O
Fat or Oil (Triglyceride)
methanol
Renewable Diesel Process � Co-feed Renewable Oils to Diesel
Hydrotreater �150-2400 psi Hydrogen, 600-800°F �Normal reaction is sulfur removal (HDS)
� At HDS Conditions Fat Or Oil Conversion To Renewable Diesel Is 100% �Glycerin converted to propane, glycerin is not
a co-product of renewable diesel �Oxygen converted to H2O or CO2
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100 % Renewable Diesel From Beef Tallow
n-paraffins= 86%
i-paraffins = 6.0%
c-paraffins = 7.7%
aromatics = 0.3%
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
Wt%
( n
-Par
affin
s)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Wt%
(ot
hers
)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Carbon Number
n-Paraffins iso Paraffins Cyclo-Paraffins Mono-Aromatics
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Typical Renewable Diesel� Paraffinic (C13-C18) � No Oxygen � No Double Bonds � In Heart of Diesel Fuel
(C10-C22) � High Cetane � Feedstock Independent � Cold Flow Issues
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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel Content Effects
Property ASTM D975 Base Fuel
5% Ren Content
10% Ren Content
20% Ren Content
30% Ren Content
T90, F 540-640°F 559 565 568 571 577
Visc. (mm2/s at 20C) 1.9-4.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4
Ash, mass % 0.01 max <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
Sulfur (ppm) 15 max 5 6 6 8 5
Copper Strip Corrosion
0.35 %max
3 max
<0.1
1A
<0.1
1A
<0.1
1A
<0.1
1A
<0.1
1A
Ramsbottom Carbon
Cetane number 40 min. 41.2 45.8 47.4 51.2 54.2
Lubricity 520μ max. 591 598 603 597 586
Cloud Point, F Seasonal/Regional -9 3 8 14 17
Pour Point, F Seasonal/Regional -24 -6 0 6 9
Note 1: Renewable diesel fuels shown here are not commercially optimized - for illustration only Note 2: Feedstock is soy oil; results for non-soy feedstocks are similar
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Renewable Diesel Compatibility
� No New Molecules
� Meets ASTM D 975
� High Level of Quality Control
� No Transportation Limitations
�Use existing pipeline & trucking infrastructure
� Reduces Emissions & CO2
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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel NOx
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
g/bh
p-hr
Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy
Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized
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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel CO
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
g/bh
p-hr
Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy
Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized
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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel NMHC
0.0
0.1
0.2
g/bh
p-hr
Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy
Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized
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Low Concentration Renewable Diesel PM
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
g/bh
p-hr
Base 5% Soy 10% Soy 20% Soy 30% Soy
Note: Renewable diesel fuels tested are not commercially optimized
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Esterification
MethanolProduction
Biodiesel
Bio/Renewable Diesel Lifecycle
Hydrogenation
Transport to Crusher
Soy Agriculture
Crushing & Extraction
Transport & Final Use
Hydrogen Production
Renewable Diesel
Similar life cycle analysis can be performed for other renewable diesel feedstocks including beef tallow, canola (rapeseed), poultry fat and yellow grease.
Natural Gas
Soy Oil Transport to
Fuel Manufacturing
Location
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Relative CO2 Life Cycle Emissions
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
COP (soy) UOP (soy) NExBTL® * CONCAWE U.S. EPA EUCAR-JRC * GREET Model
Petroleum Diesel Biodiesel, B100 Co-processed Renewable Diesel, R100eq
* Rapeseed Feedstock
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Renewable Diesel Summary� Excellent Way To Incorporate Renewable Fats
& Oils Into Diesel Fuel
� Feedstock Flexible � Converts Any Fat/Oil to Normal Diesel Fuel
� High Level Of Quality Control
� Meets ASTM D 975 Diesel Specification
� Transparent To Users
� Expands Opportunities For Farm Community
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