Download - Reparacao e recombinacao dna
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DNA repair and recombination
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Spontaneous Alterations of nucleotides
Red: oxidative damage; blue: hydrolytic attack; green: uncontrolled methylation
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Depurination and deamination
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Spontaneous Damage to DNA
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Spontaneous Damage to DNA
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Examples of DNA Damage Induced by Radiation and Chemicals
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Examples of DNA Damage Induced by Radiation and Chemicals
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Examples of DNA Damage Induced by Radiation and Chemicals
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Mutation Generation passed on to daughter DNAs
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Mutation Generation passed on to daughter DNAs
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Direct Repair of Thymine Dimers
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Repair of O6-Methylguanine
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Repair of O6-Methylguanine
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Base-Excision Repair
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Base-Excision Repair
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Nucleotide-Excision Repair of Thymine Dimers
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Nucleotide-Excision Repair of Thymine Dimers
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Mismatch Repair in E. coli
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Eukaryotic DNA PolymerasesEnzyme Location Function
• Pol α (alpha) Nucleus DNA replication– includes RNA primase activity, starts DNA strand
• Pol δ (gamma) Nucleus DNA replication– replaces Pol α to extend DNA strand, proofreads
• Pol ε (epsilon) Nucleus DNA replication– similar to Pol δ, shown to be required by yeast mutants
• Pol β (beta) Nucleus DNA repair• Pol ζ (zeta) Nucleus DNA repair• Pol γ (gamma) Mitochondria DNA replication
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General Recombination
• Two homologous DNA molecules cross over
• The site of exchange can occur anywhere
• A strand of one DNA molecule has become base-paired to a strand of the second DNA to create heteroduplex joint
• No nucleotide sequences are altered
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Recombination at the Molecular Level
• Breakage and joining also directed by enzymes.
• Homologous recombination occurs during synapsis in meiosis I, general recombination in bacteria, and viral genetic exchange.
• Molecular mechanism proposed by Holliday and Whitehouse (1964).
• Depends on complementary base pairing.
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RecA protein-mediated DNA synapsisRec A has multiple DNA binding sites, hence can hold a single strand and a double helix together
Rec A is also a DNA-dependent ATPase
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Salmonella typhimurium can change protein in flagella (flagellin)Phase variation
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Replicative transposition – the element moves a copy of itself to a new site via a DNA intermediate
Conservative transposition – the element itself moves from the donor site into the target site
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Retrotransposition – the element makes na RNA copy of itself which is reversed transcribed into a DNA which is then inserted
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When IS elements get it together:composite transposons
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