Download - Research & medicine
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RESEARCH & MEDICINE
DR. VIJAY SARDANAMEDICAL SUPERINTENDENTSENIOR PROFESSOR & HEAD
DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGYMBS HOSPITAL, KOTA
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WHAT IS KNOWLEDGE & FACT ??
• Knowledge is what is believed to be true about something, what is believed to be a correct understanding of something.
• Facts are just data. Knowledge is an expert’s best interpretation of facts.
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What is Research ?
Research is the search for or creation of (valid) knowledge.
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• Defined as “the systematic approach to obtaining new and reliable knowledge”.
• Critical thinking is an essential element for research. Ethridge (1995)
What is Research ?
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• It is the systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources etc. in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
• An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts etc. by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation.
What is Research ?
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In other words, it is the systematic :- Collection, analysis and interpretation of data
AIM :- To answer a certain question or solve a problem
What is Research ?
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Health is a state of “complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by
the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.
What is Health ?
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DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
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What is Medicine ?
• The science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease
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• What people believe (God, past deeds, planetary alignment, hot and cold, etc…)
• Actual cause of illness ?
• Pathway to cure/ wellbeing?
Beliefs about Health & Illness
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• To discover what is normal • To identify what is abnormal • To find out what is associated with the abnormality • To determine “causality”• To test new interventions
• And finally “explore strange new phenomena, seek out the truth & to boldly go where no one has gone before”
Why should we do Research ?
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Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) :- conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of
current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
Evidence Based Practice (EBP) :- integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence into the decision making process for patient care.
Clinical expertise refers to the clinician's cumulated experience, education and clinical skills.
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• Don’t know how to conduct Research • Don’t have the time• Don’t have adequate facilities • Don’t see a need to conduct research • Conduct research but don’t publish it • Research evidence not taken up for action • Very Important - No culture for “research”
Why don’t we conduct enough Research ?
Result – Lack of Research
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Components of a Research• Statement of the problem • Literature review • Aims• Design of study • Ethical issues• Study setting• Study population• Study sample and sample size calculation• Sampling Methods• Data collection methods and study instruments• Data collectors • Analysis of data and presentation of results• Discussion• Conclusions
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• Conducting a literature review• Referencing and bibliography• Calculating sample size• Developing instruments • Adhering to ethics• Preparation of a research proposal • Data base development• Data quality assessment • Performing simple analysis• Writing a research report
A Researcher should be capable of
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• Demands a clear statement of the problem.• Requires clear objectives and a plan ( rather than
aimlessly looking for something in the hopes of coming come across a solution).
• Builds on existing data, using both positive and negative findings.
• New data should be systematically collected and analyzed to answer the original research objectives.
Characteristics of Research
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• First priority is to formulate your research question
• Then figure out how you are going to answer it– How have others answered it?– How does your proposal fit in with what others
have done?– How will you know when you have answered it?
• Then you can present your answer
How should I begin ??
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Steps of Scientific Research
Selection of area
Selection of topic
Crude research question no answer
Refined research question
Research hypothesis, goals and objectives
Study design
Population & sampling
Variables confounding bias
Research tools
Pilot study
Work plan
Collection of data
Data management
Interpretation
Reporting
no need for studyanswers found
Literature review
Ethical issues
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1. Relevance 2. Avoidance of duplication 3. Urgency of data need 4. Feasibility of the study 5. Applicability of results 6. Ethical considerations
Criteria for selecting a Research Topic
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Problem Analysis
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Literature Review
It should not end up like this
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Identify researchable areas in the problem
State Objectives
General Objective Specific Objectives
To find Out Objectives ??
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Research objectives should be
• S -Specific• M -Measurable• A -Achievable • R -Realistic/reliable• T -Time bound
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Study Designs
Descriptive studies Analytical studies
Case report
Case seriesreports
Cross-sectionalstudies
Ecological studies
Observational studies
Experimentalstudies
Case-controlstudies
Cohort studies
Prospective Retrospective(historical)
RandomizedControlled Clinical
trials
RandomizedControlled field
trials
Non-randomizedexperiments
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Different data collection techniques
• Using available information• Observing• Interviewing• Administering questionnaires• Observational check list • Focus Group Discussions / In depth interview• Other methods
Department of Research– NIHS : Inspiring Public Health through Innovative Research
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The following needs to be thought of and decided upon……1.Who is going to collect the data ?2.From whom ?3.Where ?4.How ?5.Using what?6.How is information given to the participants?7.How are they recruited to the study?8.How is consent to be obtained?9.How to conclude the data collection?10.What to do with positive cases?11.Checking for quality of the collected data? Who? When ? Where ? How ?12.Entering the data?13.Analysis of the data
Data collection Flow
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– Do no harm – Do good – Voluntary participation – Informed consent – Conflict of interest – Scientific validity
Ethical Considerations
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Item description MAR APR MAY JUN JUL
AUG
SEP OCT
NOV DEC
Initial discussion XLiterature review X XFinalizing methodology
X X
Ethical clearance XPre testing X XData collection proper
X X
Data entry X XInitial analysis X XDraft report XFinal report submission
X
Presentation of findings
X
Example of a Time Series chart
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1. Abstracts and key words 2. An introduction including a justification 3. Appropriate review of literature 4. Objectives and methodology 5. Results 6. Discussion 7. Conclusions and recommendations 8. References 9. Annexure
Report Writing
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Importance of References
• Avoid accusations of Plagiarism• Acknowledge others work• Support academic arguments• Prove that you have researched a topic
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Research Team
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• Conducting a literature review • Referencing and bibliography • Calculating of sample size • Developing instruments • Adhering to ethics and getting • Preparation of a research proposal • Data base development • Data quality assessment • Performing simple analysis • Writing a research report
A Research team should be capable of
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1. Research reports 2. Abstract presentation: poster or oral 3. Journal articles 4. Advocacy briefs 5. Policy briefs
Disseminating Research into Policy & Practice
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Together Everyone Achieves More
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Example of a Team work Research
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THANK YOU