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Research Methods
How we collect the dataStrengths/Weaknesses for
each
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Theories organized systems of assumptions that
purport to explain phenomena and their interrelationships.
Hypotheses attempt to predict or specify relationships
among variables, which are empirically tested. Operational definitions
define terms in hypotheses by specifying the operations for observing and measuring them
Things to Know
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Option 1: “True” experiment Terms: variable, population
vs. sample (2 key types*) Independent & Dependent
Variables Experimental & Control
Conditions placebo (an inactive
substance or fake treatment).
Cause and Effect*** Generalizability Issue
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Option 2: Correlational
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Correlational Info
Coerrelational Coefficient: (-1 to +1)
Aids in prediction and provides information
Causality Issue 3rd Variable Problem
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Option 3: Survey/Questionnaire Quick, easy, and
lots of Information Sampling Issue Wording of the
Questions Presentation
Effect Quick and
Inexpensive
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Option 4: Case Study
Small number of subjects/participants
“special” population Lots of information Generalizability Issue?
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Option 5: Naturalistic Observation Obtrusive vs.
Unobtrusive External Validity Confounding
Variables?
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Other Issues
Sources of Bias: Researcher/Experimenter, Participant (*Double-Blind designs)
Standardization Reliability & Validity
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The Ethics of Studying Humans
Informed consent. Freedom to withdraw at any time. Minimize discomfort. Keep data confidential. If deception is necessary, debriefing
must occur.