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September 19, 2005 STScI Workshop: Nearby Resolved Debris Disks 1
Resolving Debris Disks with (Sub)Millimeter Interferometry
David J. Wilner (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA)
• Why (Sub)Millimeter?• Interferometry & Limitations• A Few Examples• Future Prospects
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Why Millimeter and Submillimeter? • (Sub)millimeter: thermal emission from dust particles
– sample low temperature dust – favorable contrast with stellar photosphere– sample large dust
G2V star HD107146
Williams et al. 2004
excess>25 m
T=51 K
T=100 K
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scattered light emitted light
spatial resolutioncontrast with star
temperature dependence
optical/near-ir far-ir/submmmid-ir
Observational Probes of Structure
Williams et al. 2004
HST Ardila et al. 2005
JCMT Williams et al. 2004
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(Sub)Millimeter Interferometry• way to achieve high angular resolution
– obtain ~1 arcsec (/1.3mm)(D/300 m)
• excellent control of systematics for weak continuum
BIMA
IRAM PdBI
SMA
OVRO
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Limitations: Sensitivity• nearby debris disks: 10’s of mJy (850 m)• interferometer sensitivity: rms ~1 mJy in ~8 hours
– modest collecting area (SMA ~ JCMT, PdBI ~ IRAM 30m)– modest bandwidths (~2 GHz) vs. bolometers (~50 GHz)– room for improvement in detectors (not quantum limited)– problematic atmosphere: transparency & seeing
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Limitations: Imaging Capability• (Sub)millimeter fields of view are small (<1 arcmin)• measure Fourier components of source brightness
– this is not direct imaging...– sampling is limited (“uv coverage”)
with small N (<9) arrays– largest structures not sampled
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Large dust Small dust• structure depends on =Frad/Fgrav
– smallest particles blown out quickly– small particles drop of out resonances– large particles stay in resonances
• Vega (Su et al. 2005) – mid-ir & far-ir smooth;
submm clumpy
large
small
Moro-Martin & Malhotra 2003
Holland et al. 1998
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Vega: 1.3 mm Interferometry
PdBI: Wilner et al. 2002 OVRO: Koerner et al. 2001
• angular resolution: 2 to 5 arcsec• stellar photosphere provides calibration check• dust blobs are robust, spatially extended• motivates dynamical modeling
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• structure created when resonances filled by – inward migration of dust due to P-R drag– outward migration of planet traps planetesimals (like Neptune)
Dynamical Scenarios
Wilner et al. 2002
Wyatt 2003
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HD107146: 3 mm Interferometry
• OVRO resolves dust (Carpenter et al. 2005)
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HD107146 (cont.)
• predictions for SMA
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Future Prospects: SMA, CARMA, ALMA• good sites
• SMA– access to
850, 450 m
• CARMA: – 1.3 mm– larger bw– larger N (15 to 23)
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Atacama Large Millimeter Array
• very large array (n= >50 x 12 m + 12 x 7 m), North America, Europe, and Japan: ~$1B
• best possible site, Atacama at 5000 m, sensitivity 100x, high fidelity imaging
2012?
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Summary
• (Sub)millimeter: key spectral regime for debris disk structure
• interferometry: (only) way to obtain high angular resolution, but limited: sensitivity, imaging, small fields of view
• examples: IRAM/OVRO results are few but intriguing
• future prospects: SMA, CARMA will provide new data; ALMA will qualitatively change the debris disk field
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END
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JCMT 850 m SCUBA Images
• “Fantastic Four”: ring morphologies, cleared interiors, offset peaks (Holland et al. 1998, Greaves et al. 1998, etc., ...)
• sculpting by planets? only viable explanation
• submillimeter probes outer cold regions, long orbital periods
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Eridani: 350 m CSO Image
Wilner, Dowell, et al.
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Debris Disk Evolution
• Sptizer A star data: 24 m excess declines, scatter (“outbursts”) present at all ages (Rieke et al. 2004)
• compatible? with collisionally dominated planetismal disks (Dominik & Decin 2003, Kenyon & Bromley 2004)
~1/t