Download - Retina Grand Rounds 2015
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Grand RoundsPOSTERIOR SEGMENTRichard Trevino, OD, FAAO
Rosenberg School of OptometryUniversity of the Incarnate Word
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Grand Rounds: Posterior Seg
• Online slides– slideshare.net/rhodopsin
• Online notes– richardtrevino.net
• Email me– [email protected]
• Disclosures– None
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CASE #1Don’t sink my
battleship!
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CASE #1
• 25yo East Indian woman presents without complaints for routine exam
• POH: Unremarkable. LEE: 1yr. • MH: Good health. No medications• Vision: 20/15 each eye without
correction• Entrance testing: Normal • External exam: Normal OU• Tonometry: 14/13 @11:00AM
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Short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-FAF) uses blue light to stimulate lipofuscin in RPE cells to glow. Regions without viable RPE will appear dark.
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Microperimetry allows a retinal sensitivity map to be overlaid on a real-time fundus photograph
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Macular coloboma (macular
dysplasia)
A heterogenous group of developmental abnormalities. Often familial, frequently bilateral, systemic abnormalities not uncommon.
Macular dystrophy
Widespread retinal dysfunction, bilateral macular lesions, inheritance pattern, may be associated with features of Leber’s amaurosis or RP. Electrophysiologic abnormalities
Macular scarsIntrauterine infection with Toxoplasma gondii resulting in congenital toxoplasmic chorioretinitis.
Amelanotic choroidal nevus
Shares all the features of a typical choroidal nevus minus the melanin. In general, amelanotic lesions have a better prognosis than pigmented lesions
Torpedo maculopathy
Typically unilateral congenital abnormality, characteristic “torpedo” shape, always located temporal to the fovea
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Assessment• Torpedo maculopathy OD
Management• No specific treatment is indicated• Patient education• Routine eye care
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Torpedo Maculopathy
• Congenital, hypopigmented torpedo-shaped lesion in the temporal macula along the horizontal raphe
• Developmental defect of unknown etiology • May encroach upon fovea, but rarely causes
significant loss of vision• Diagnosis based upon characteristic
appearance and nonrandom location• No treatment is required for
this stable congenital lesion
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Examples of torpedo maculopathy
West Coast Retina, 2010
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Examples of torpedo maculopathy
Bedar MS. Ophthalmologe, 2013;110:173
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Golchet PR. BJO. 2010;94:302
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Torpedo Maculopathy
Range of clinical presentations
Constant features
– Congenital– Location
temporal to fovea
– Horizontally oval shape
– Hypopigmentation
Variable features
– Schisis cavity– Excavation– Degree of
pigmentation– Visual defect
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Take Home Message• Torpedo maculopathy – Congenital perimacular lesion – Distinctive appearance– Usually asymptomatic– Requires no special
management
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CASE #2The spots are
revealing!
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Case #2
• Parents bring 7yo child in for his first eye exam. No complaints
• POH: No h/o any eye problems• MH: Good health. No meds• FOH: Unremarkable• Vision: 20/20 each eye without
correction• Pupils and motility: Normal. • IOP: 12/13 mmHg @ 9am• External: Normal
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Images courtesy Steven Cohen, MD
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Images courtesy Steven Cohen, MD
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Presumed ocular
histoplasmosis
Clinical triad of multifocal chorioretinal scars, peripapillary scarring and exudative maculopathy.
Grouped pigmentation
Multifocal CHRPE lesions (“bear tracks”) are typically unilateral and clustered in one quadrant of the eye.
Hamartomas of the RPE
Congenital , noncancerous tumor-like malformations of the RPE. Lesions are typically heavily pigmented, small, well-circumscribed, and may be slightly elevated
CHRPE
Congenital, flat, pigmented, well defined fundus lesion composed of intensely pigmented, hypertrophied RPE cells. Typically unilateral and solitary.
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Assessment
• Multiple, bilateral CHRPE-like lesions• Suspect familial adenomatous
polyposis
Management• Gastroenterology consult – negative
colonoscopy of child and parents• Genetic testing offered – declined by
parents• Medical surveillance for onset of polyposis
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Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
• An uncommon hereditary form of colon cancer (autosomal dominant) – About 1% of all colon cancer in US annually
• 20% of cases have no FH of FAP, suggesting spontaneous mutation of the disease gene
• Certain FAP genotypes are associated with CHRPE-like retinal lesions (hamartomas)– Retinal lesions are a specific and reliable
clinical marker for FAP in these patients
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CHRPE-like Lesions in FAP
• Gardner syndrome: Extracolonic manifestations in patients with FAP
• Clinical appearance similar to traditional CHRPE
• Average number of lesions is 6 lesions/eye• Bilateral in 86% of cases• Most lesion are < 0.5 DD in size. Some
patients will have numerous pinpoint lesions• Larger lesions tend to be more oval or “tear
drop” shape with a hypopigmented tail
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Examples of RPE lesions in FAP
http://retinagallery.com
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62% FAP patients Most common lesion
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Retinal Lesions as a Genetic Marker
• Retinal lesions are a sensitive and specific marker for FAP mutation carrier status in those families with retinal lesions (70%)
• Congenital retinal lesions may serve as an early marker for those patients destined to develop polyposis later in life – Onset of polyposis: age 25 yrs
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Take Home Message• CHRPE-like lesions may signal risk of
colon cancer• How to spot suspicious CHRPE-like
lesions 1. Bilaterality2. > 3 lesions per eye3. Lesions associated
with a depigmented streak
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CASE #3Hear no evil, see no
evil!
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Case #3 – 1993 – Visit 1
• 36yo WF presents with c/o “gray haze” OS x 2 weeks– 1 week prior had suffered left-sided HA and
photopsias OS that sent her to the ER. Exam was normal and Fiorinal with codeine was prescribed
• POH: Normal. • MH: Head and neck aches and
parestheias in her arms following MVA x 2yrs
• FOH: Father with glaucoma
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Case #3 – 1993 – Visit 1
• Vision 20/20 in each eye• Pupils: Normal• Motility: Normal• IOP: 13 mmHg OU• External: Normal
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Assessment• Acute BRAO OS • Evidence of older resolving BRAO OS
Management• Carotid duplex scan - Normal• Echocardiography - Normal• Labs: CBC, rheumatoid factor, RPR,
fasting glucose, ANA – all normal• Start ASA• Retinal lesions resolved @ 1 month F/U
visit
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Case #3 – 1996 – Visit 2
• C/O constant “flash bulb glare” OS x 1 day
• Vision: 20/20 OD, 20/25 OS• Pupils normal, Motility normal, IOP 14/12
mmHg• External: Normal OU• DFE: Normal OD, BRAO of superior-
temporal artery OS– No visible embolus– Occlusion does not appear to occur at
bifurcation
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Assessment• BRAO OS
Management• Retinal consult with FA –diagnosis of
idiopathic recurrent BRAO. No known cause or tx for condition
• IM consult: Obese (238lbs) but otherwise in good health. No BCPs, no vasculitis, synovitis, diabetes, or HTN
• Continue ASA, start low fat diet
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Case #3 – 1996 – Visit 3• Presented 2 weeks later with
photopsia OD• Examination was remarkable for the
presence of new BRAO OD
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Assessment• Idiopathic recurrent BRAO, OU
Management• IM consult: Negative evaluation except
mildly elevated ESR (27 mm/h, normal: 0-20)
• Rheumatology consult: Negative evaluation. Normal temporal artery biopsy
• Audiometry and otolaryngology consult: moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss. Referred for hearing aid fitting
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Multiple sclerosis
Uveitis and retinal phlebitis are among the posterior segment manifestations of MS. BRAO is not associated with MS
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Retinopathy is frequently associated with SLE may include CWS, BRAO, neovascularization and VH. Diagnosis made on clinical and lab grounds.
SarcoidAntiphospholipid antibody syndrome may be associated with sarcoidosis and can lead to retinal artery occlusion
Susac’s syndrome
Clinical triad of encephalopathy, BRAO and hearing loss
Lyme disease BRAO has been reported as an uncommon complication of ocular Lyme borreliosis
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Susac's Syndrome
• Clinical triad of multifocal encepholopathy, BRAO, and hearing loss that typically occurs in young adult women
• First described by Susac in 1994• Etiology believed to be immune mediated
endotheliopathy affecting blood vessels in the retina, chochlea and brain
• Diagnosis aided by MRI findings of “snowball” lesions in the corpus callosum
• Treatment with steroids and immune suppressants can slow progression of the disease
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MRI findings in the corpus callosum of patients with Susac’s syndrome
Rennebohm R. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299:86–91
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Distinctive findings include arterial wall hyperfluorescence on FA and so-called “Gass plaques” – refractile yellow deposits believed to represent focal damage to the arterial wall
Egan RA. J Neurol Sci. 2010;299:97–100
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BRAO in the Young
• Associated with predisposing conditions that are different from those found in older patients with BRAO
• Women affected twice as frequently as men when trauma-associated occlusions are excluded– Hormonal influences, pregnancy, oral
contraceptives
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BRAO in the Young
Emboli Cardiac disease, IV drug abuse
Thrombosis Pregnancy, BCP use, Coagulopathy
Arteritis Lupus, Lyme
Arterial spasm Migraine, Drug abuse (cocaine, meth)
Vascular compromise
Orbital, optic nerve, retinal disease; Trauma
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Take Home Message
• The causes of BRAO in young people are different than in older people– Less likely to be embolic
• Idiopathic recurrent BRAO may be caused by Susac’s syndrome– Check for hearing loss
and MRI lesions
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CASE #4Jagged little pill
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Case #4
• 24yo WF presents with c/o “blurry light spot” in the inferior-nasal paracentral vision of the right eye x 1 week. Symptoms are made worse while exercising.
• POH: LEE 2yrs. Negative for any prior eye dx
• MH: Good health. Nonsmoker. Meds: BCP
• FH: MGM with diabetes
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Case #4
• BVA: 20/20 in each eye• Pupils and motility: Normal• BP: 113/71 RAS, Pulse: 81 bpm• IOP: 13/12 mmHg @ 4pm• Amsler: Blurred region inferior-
temporal to fixation OD, Normal OS• Color: Normal OU (HRR)• External: Normal OU
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Assessment
• Isolated cotton wool spot in an apparently healthy young woman
Management
• Medical evaluation to identify cause for CWS
• Recommend D/C BCP and start ASA• Follow-up in 2 weeks
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Idiopathic CWSIt has been reported that an underlying disorder can be found in 95% of isolated CWS
DiabetesUndiagnosed diabetes is the most common cause of isolated CWS in an apparently normal patient
HIV
CWS are a prominent feature of HIV noninfectious retinopathy, the prevalence of which is inversely related to the patient’s CD4+ count
Lyme diseaseCotton wool spots have been reported as a sign of Lyme retinitis
BRAO CWS are a universal feature of BRAO
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Medical Evaluation
• Physical exam by PCP was normal• Normal laboratory testing: Fasting glucose,
CBC, ANA, Rheumatoid factor, C-reactive protein, HIV screen
• Normal carotid Doppler and echocardiogram• FTA-ABS was minimally reactive– Serologic ELISA testing for Lyme disease
recommended
• Follow-up: Photopsia persisted x 4-6 wks before abating. VF defect remained unchanged
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What is a CWS?
• CWS is a localized accumulations of axoplasmic material within adjacent bundles of ganglion cell axons.
• Two clinical presentations:1. Focal ischemia from terminal
arteriolar occlusion. 2. Appearance at the boundary of an
ischemic region of the retina
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Focal ischemia: Occlusion of a terminal branch of a retinal arteriole (red) results in a small area of infarction (grey) in the RNFL wherein both orthograde and retrograde axoplasmic transport is obstructed.
Sentinal lesion: Occlusion of a retinal arteriole results in retinal infarction
McLeod D. BJO. 2005;89:229
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Isolated CWS
• Retinal whitening associated with arteriole occlusion will resolve in about 1-2 weeks
• CWS take 3-6 weeks to resolve
• CWS will appear to be “isolated” for most of the time before they resolve
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Vision Loss Associated with CWS
• CWS are almost always asymptomatic• May be associated with localized or arcuate
scotomas• OCT studies reveal permanent damage to
the inner retinal layers and RNFL at the site of a resolved CWS lesion
• Some visual recovery may occur following resolution of CWS lesions
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Evaluation of Idiopathic CWS
• Directed toward those conditions that predispose the patient toward embolism and thrombosis
• Common: diabetes, hypertension, and collagen vascular disease
• Less common: HIV and other infections, hematologic disease and coagulopathies, pancreatitis, embolic disease, trauma, pregnancy, and idiopathic conditions
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OCP and Thromboembolism
• Use of OCP increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) by about 5x– Risk is further increased in women who
smoke, are obese, have HTN, coagulopathies, and a FH of thromboembolic disease
• Third generation OCPs– Lower risk of MI, CVA, and
other side effects (weight gain, acne, headaches and unwanted hair growth)
– Higher risk of VTE
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False Positive FTA-ABS in Lyme
• Lyme disease is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete that is biologically similar to the spirochete that causes syphilis,
Treponema pallidum • This similarity is responsible
for cross-reactivity of the FTA-ABS serologic test for syphillis and Lyme disease
• Some patients with Lyme disease will test positive for syphilis on the FTA-ABS test
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CWS and Lyme Disease
• Many ocular manifestations of Lyme disease have been reported
• The most common appear to be conjunctivitis, uveitis (especially pars planitis), a retinopathy consisting of macular edema and vasculitis, and cranial nerve palsys
• Cotton wool spots have been reported as a sign of Lyme retinitis
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Take Home Message
• Isolated CWS are not isolated• OCP are a significant risk factor for
vascular occlusions in young healthy women
• Lyme disease may cause CWS and produce a false-positive FTA-ABS
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CASE #5The bird man cometh
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Case #5
• 56yo WM presents for routine eye exam• Occupation: Maintenance man and farmer• POH: H/O vision loss OS due to “bleeding”
5 years ago. Treated with laser• MH: NIDDM x 4yrs (HbA1c: 6.5)• BVA: 20/20 OD, FC @ 10ft OS• Pupils and motility: Normal• IOP: 14/16 mmHg @ 2pm• External: Normal OU
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Assessment
• POHS OU with maculopathy OS• No diabetic eye disease
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Management
• Recommend use of protective devices because is frequently exposed to soil and bird droppings as a farmer and maintenance man.
• Daily Amsler grid and environmental Amsler
• Safety issues for monocular patients• Patient education diabetic eye disease.• RTC 6 months, sooner PRN
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POHS and Vision Loss
• Vision loss occurs secondary to exudative maculopathy caused by CNV
• Reactivation of histo spots in the macular region is believed to play a role in triggering CNV
• Patients with histo spots in the macular region, especially near the fovea, should be considered at risk for vision loss
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Preventing Reactivation of POHS
• Re-exposure to histoplasmosis may play a role in reactivating retinal lesions and promoting development of maculopathy
• Avoid high risk areas where histoplasmosis levels tend to be highest– Caves, chicken coops, old buildings
• Protect yourself or avoid high risk activities– Construction and demolition, working with
poultry, HVAC installation or service, farming, gardening
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Preventing Reactivation of POHS
• Personal protective equipment–Masks and respirators
• Dust control– High efficiency air filters– Vacuum cleaning–Wetting contaminated soil
• Endogenous factors– Chronic fungal infections– LASIK
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Take Home Message
• Patients with histo spots near the central macula are at risk for vision loss due to maculopathy
• Take steps to decrease the risk of histo spot reactivation in patients at risk for vision loss
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Thank You!