“ask the structure.”
Retrofit of Building Enclosures for Energy Efficiency
By Wagdy Anis, LEED AP, FAIA
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c.USACE – ENERGY ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP
Retrofit of Building Enclosures for Energy Efficiency
WAGDY ANIS FAIA, LEED AP, PRINCIPAL,
WISS, JANNEY, ELSTNER & ASSOCIATES, Inc.Engineers, Architects, Material Scientists
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THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE• According to the Energy Information Administration EIA
2007, Energy usage of buildings in the United States accounts for 40% of total energy usage.
• 80% of the building energy for heating or cooling or 32% of the United States energy use.
• Studies have shown that the existing building stock is comprised mainly of buildings with single pane glass, inadequate insulation and significant amounts of unmanaged air leakage.
• These conditions are responsible for substantial energy consumption, corrosion and decay of materials.
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THE BUILDING ENCLOSURE• A new nuclear power plant generating 2000 Megawatts of power has an estimated cost of $20 billion.
• For the same investment we can save TWICE that amount of power by implementing proven, American-manufactured energy efficiency technologies to existing buildings – insulation, better windows, and good air sealing.
• BETEC proposes that addressing the energy efficiency of our existing building stock directly addresses three crises facing the global community, climate change, energy security and the financial crisis.
• This conference on RETROFITTING BUILDING ENCLOSURES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY directly addresses these issues facing the nation.
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c. HEAT FLOW
VA
WARM COLD
THERMAL TRANSFERConduction
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c. HEAT FLOW - CONDUCTION
VA
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c. HEAT FLOW - CONVECTIONTHERMAL TRANSFER
Convection
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c. HEAT FLOW - RADIATIONTHERMAL TRANSFER
Radiation
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c. THE THERMAL GRADIENT
THE TEMPERATURE AT ANY POINT DEPENDS ON THE RATIO OF R VALUE OF THE MATERIAL TO THE TOTAL R OF THE ASSEMBLY X TEMP DROP
700
200
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
VA
R-19 Batts, R-7 Total
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. Convective Loops
cold side warm side
spaces allow air movement
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
VA
R-12.5 Insulation R-14.3 Total
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VA
HEAVYWEIGHT WALLS
R-55 Insulation R-5 total
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VA
HEAVYWEIGHT WALLS
R-8.6 Insulation R-11.25 Total
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c. INSULATION INSTALLATION
Fig 4 Fig. 5
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Fig 4 Fig. 5
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
VAR-7 Insulation Stud wall=
Masonry wall with R-5
“THERMAL MASS”
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EFFECT OF FENESTRATION ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
200 ft2, R-20, U =0.05, 10 BTUADD WINDOW, 100 ft2 at R-3
Average of R-20+R3???100 x 0.05 + 100 x 0.35 = 5 + 35 = 40/200 = 0.2 = R-5
40 BTU
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c.
Polyamide thermal break
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c.Choosing windows for energy efficiency:
Rules of thumb • Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) < 0.3
• U-value < 0.35• Visible transmittance (VT) > 0.70)
As stipulated by the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
RULE of THUMB for GLARE AVOIDANCE:• “EFFECTIVE APERTURE” CONCEPT
• WWR x VT = 0.15-0.3
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DAYLIGHT PENETRATION
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DAYLIGHT PENETRATION
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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN
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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN
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PRISMATIC GLASS DESIGN
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. LIGHTWEIGHT WALLS
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c. Restoration & Energy Retrofit• HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL
GALLATIN HALL CASE STUDYMcKim Mead and White Dormitory Building
• Gut rehab – LEED Gold
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c. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Replace copper flashings, roofing, metal siding.
Replace Copper gutters, drainage.Repoint brickwork.Replace windows.
Replace wood trim close to water-line.Remove objects mounted to the exterior.
Strip, patch, seal precast with sealer.
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c. ENCLOSURE REQUIREMENTSRepair and cold galvanize structural steel
beams, columns and lintels in the North wing.
Insulate roof with SPF insulation.Insulate brick walls with 2” SPF. Alternative: vapor
permeable air barrier with 2” rigid insulation fully adhered. Flash window
perimeters with membrane flashing tied to the air barrier.
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c. Vapor Control
Transient Hygrothermal Analysis
WUFI Pro 4.0
8760 Hour Calculations
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c. Modeling Summary of Findings
1”-2” (R-6 to R-12 Continuous) of SPF works well.
1” – 2” XPS with VP Air Barrier works well.
1 1/2” of low density foam is not recommended.
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c. How Much Insulation?• NEW:
– R-10 underslab R-20 Below Grade R-40 Walls, R-60 Roof
• RETROFIT– Masonry buildings R-6 to R-12 continuous.– Maximize insulation in roofs – obstacles?
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c. THE END
• End