Download - Review Chapter 12
![Page 1: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Review Chapter 12
![Page 2: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fundamental Flight Maneuvers• Straight and Level• Turns• Climbs • Descents
![Page 3: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Turns• The horizontal component of lift.• Load Factor and Turns• The relationship between angle of
bank , load factor, and stall speed is the same for all airplanes
![Page 4: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Turns• Banking - increases stall speed• To increase the rate of turn and at
the same time decrease the radius - increase bank and decrease speed
• To maintain altitude - increase angle of attack
![Page 5: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Four Aerodynamic Forces• Lift• Thrust• Drag• Weight• When are they in equilibrium?
![Page 6: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Lift• Perpendicular to the relative wind• Induced drag is a by-product of lift• In theory if the angle of attack and
other factors remain constant double the speed - four times the lift
![Page 7: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Controlling Lift• Increase airspeed• Change the angle of attack• Change the shape of the airfoil• Change the total area of the
wings
![Page 8: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bernoulli’s Principle• As the velocity of a fluid
increase, its internal pressure decreases
• High pressure under the wing and lower pressure above the wing’s surface
![Page 9: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Angle of Attack• Directly controls the distribution
of pressure acting on a wing. By changing the angle of attack, you can control the airplane’s lift, airspeed and drag.
![Page 10: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Angle of Attack• Angle of attack at which a wing
stalls remains constant regardless of weight, dynamic pressure, bank angle or pitch attitude.
![Page 11: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Stalls• Stall speed is not a fixed value• Stall speed is affected by weight,
load factor and power• Frost can cause a wing to stall at a
lower than normal angle of attack
![Page 12: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Flaps• Plain• Split• Slotted• Fowler
![Page 13: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ground Effect• Within one wingspan of the
ground• An airplane leaving ground effect
will experience an increase in what kind of drag?
• Induced
![Page 14: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Drag• What kind of drags rate of
increase is proportional to the square of the airspeed?
• Parasite Drag• What kinds of drag make up
parasite Drag
![Page 15: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Drag• Form• Interference• Skin Friction
![Page 16: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Load Factor• Ratio between the lift generated
by the wings at any given time divided by the total weight of the airplane.
![Page 17: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Load Factor• A heavily loaded plane stalls at a
higher speed than a lightly loaded airplane.
• It needs a higher angle of attack to generate required lift at any given speed than when lightly loaded.
![Page 18: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Aircraft Stability• Achieved by locating the center
of gravity slightly ahead of the center of lift
• Need a tail down force on the elevator
![Page 19: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Aircraft Stability• In light planes, recovery from a
spin may be difficult with a rearward CG
• Longitudinal stability involves motion about the lateral axis and is controlled by the elevator
![Page 20: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Density Altitude• High• Hot • Humid
![Page 21: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Surface Winds• Headwind or tailwind component
–a 10 knot headwind might improve performance by 10%
–a 10 knot tailwind might degrade performance by 40%
![Page 22: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Performance Charts• Experience Test Pilots• Factory new Airplanes• Repeated Tests using Best
Results• Format -Table -Graphic
![Page 23: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cruise Charts• Range is the distance an airplane
can travel with a given amount of fuel
• Endurance is the length of time the airplane can remain in the air
![Page 24: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cruise Charts• Maximum range is at L/Dmax or
best glide speed• Maximum endurance is about
76% or best glide speed• Generally close to stall speed
![Page 25: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Excessive Weight• Higher takeoff speed• Longer takeoff run• Reduced rate and angle of climb• Lower maximum altitude
![Page 26: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Excessive Weight• Shorter range and endurance• Reduced cruise speed and
maneuverability• Higher stall speed• Higher landing speed and longer
landing roll
![Page 27: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Forward CG Effects• Higher takeoff speed and ground
roll• Reduced rate and angle of climb• Lower maximum altitude• Reduced maneuverability
![Page 28: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Forward CG Effects• Higher stalling speed• Reduction in performance
caused by increased tail-down loading
• Reduced pitch authority
![Page 29: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Beyond Aft CG Effects• Decreased stability and increased
susceptibility to over control• Increased risk of stalls and spins
of which recovery may be difficult or impossible
![Page 30: Review Chapter 12](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062501/56816799550346895ddcd59f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Weight Shift Computations
Weight of Cargo Moved Distance CG moves
Airplane weight = Distance Between Arm locations