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REVIEW
COMBINATIONS
The combination both/and indicates that the two items are equally presented and included. The grammar is both A and B: • I like both chocolate and vanilla ice cream. • Both Greg and his wife are big Yankee fans. • We have a lot of time today, so we can both visit the
museum and see a movie.
REVIEW
COMBINATIONS
The combination either/or indicates that there is a choice between the two choices, and only one can be selected: • You can have either ice cream or cheesecake for
dessert, so please chose one. • Either Jack or Jim will go to the meeting next week. • We don’t have a lot of time today, so we can either
visit the museum or see a movie.
REVIEW
COMBINATIONS
The combination neither/nor indicates that neither of the two choices can be selected. In other words, neither choice is available: • You can have neither chocolate nor vanilla ice cream.
We have just strawberry left. • Neither Greg nor his wife are hockey fans. • We have no free time today, so we can neither visit
the museum nor see a movie.
REVIEW
COMBINATIONS
The combination not only/but also is similar to both/and because it shows that both items presented are included. However, the item after not only is normally something we expect the speaker to say, whereas the item after but also is often something unexpected: • I not only like to eat cake and cookies, but I also enjoy
baking. • Greg and his wife are not only big Yankee fans, but
they also route for the Rangers. • Not only is it raining, but it is also supposed to snow
later tonight.
At first To begin with
At the same time In the meantime Simultaneously The next step
Afterward
Likewise (as well) Instead
On the contrary However
Nevertheless On one hand In any case
Hence (from here) All in all In brief In short
Thus (so) To summarize
All things considered
REVIEW
EXPRESS IDEAS
SEQUENCE CONTRAST AND COMPARISON
SUMMARY/ CONCLUSION
ABILITY
CAN
POSSIBILITY
MIGHT, CAN, COULD
IMPOSSIBILITY
CAN’T
NECESSITY
HAVE TO, SHOULD, MUST
HYPOTHESIS
REVIEW
Grammar talk - Conditionals
• Talk about things that have an obvious or logical connection
• Talk about things that are generally accepted as truth
• If + simple present + simple present
ZERO CONDITIONAL:
• E.g.: Fish die if they stay out of water • If you press the button, the machine starts to work
REVIEW
Grammar talk - Conditionals
• Talk about possibilities for the future • Express the idea of cause and consequence • If + simple present + simple future
FIRST CONDITIONAL:
• E.g.: If I have money, I will buy a car. • If it doesn't rain, I will go to the beach
REVIEW
Grammar talk - Conditionals
• Talk hypothetically about the present • Give people advice • Talk about unreal scenarios concerning the present
• If + simple past, subject + would/ could/ might/may + base verb
SECOND CONDITIONAL:
• E.g.: If I won the lottery, I would buy a farm • If I had a driver's license, I could go by car
REVIEW
Grammar talk - Conditionals
• Talk hypothetically about the past • Talk about unreal scenarios concerning the past
• If + past perfect + would have/could have/might have + past participle
THIRD CONDITIONAL:
• E.g.: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation
• They wouldn't have missed the opportunity if they had paid attention.
REVIEW
Present Perfect X Past Perfect
The present perfect and the past perfect talk about something that happened BEFORE a point in time (reference point).
In the present perfect, our reference point = present
In the past perfect, our reference point = past
Let’s look at some examples:
REVIEW Present Perfect X Past Perfect
PRESENT PERFECT
“I have been to Japan twice”
The reference point is the present, and the two trips to Japan are in the past – we don’t know exactly when, but they happened before the reference point (before the present)
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
REVIEW
Present Perfect X Past Perfect
PRESENT PERFECT
“My girlfriend has already eaten breakfast”
It means that she has eaten breakfast sometime in the past, before the present moment – which is our reference point.
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
REVIEW Present Perfect X Past Perfect
PAST PERFECT
“I have been to Japan twice by the time I was 10 years old”
In this case the reference point is in the past, I’m 30 years old in the present and in the past I was 10 years old. The 2 trips to Japan happened before I was 10 years old. Before the reference point in the past
PAST PRESENT (29 years old) FUTURE 10
years old
REVIEW Present Perfect X Past Perfect
PAST PERFECT
“When I woke up, I saw that my girlfriend had already eaten breakfast”
The reference point is now the moment in the past when I woke up and my girlfriend had eaten breakfast before this reference point in the past.
PAST PRESENT FUTURE I woke up
REVIEW
Present Perfect X Past Perfect
PRESENT PERFECT
HAVE/HAS + past participle = I have been / she has eaten
PAST PERFECT
HAD + past participle = I had been / she had eaten
REVIEW
Present Perfect X Past Perfect
PRESENT PERFECT – short form
HAVE/HAS + past participle = I’ve been / she’s eaten
PAST PERFECT – short form
HAD + past participle = I’d been / she’d eaten