C iCountry report on rice cultivation practice: Indonesiacultivation practice: Indonesia
Iman RusmanaIman RusmanaBogor Agricultural University
Expert Meeting2‐3 June 2011
Bangkok, Thailand g ,
1
INDONESIAPopulation : 230 mill, 4th in the world17 300 islandsINDONESIA 17.300 islands
SumateraKalimantan Papua
Sumatera Sulawesi
JavaBali
Java
Java : 60 % of population,60 % f f d d ti
2
60 % of food production13 % of land
General InformationGeneral InformationGeneral InformationGeneral InformationFigure of Indonesia Population : 230 million Pop growth rate : 1 35%/year Pop growth rate : 1.35%/year Total land area : 190 million ha Agriculture sector in Indonesia
Provides job opportunities to 20 million jhouseholdsContributes 66% to GDPContributes 66% to GDPRice productivity : 5.01 ton/haRice consumption : 137 kg/cap/yearRice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year
250,000,000
200,000,000n
100 000 000
150,000,000
pulatio
50 000 000
100,000,000
Pop
0
50,000,000
01971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2010
YYear
Area of Rice Cultivation and Production in 2005-2010
7013.5
6013 to
n)
tion
40
50
12.5
million t
cultivat
n ha
)
3012
ction (m
of Rice c
(million
10
2011.5 Pr
oduc
Area
o (
Area (ha)Production (ton)
0
10
11
Production (ton)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Rice VarietyRice VarietyRice VarietyRice VarietyForm 1943 up to 2007:Form 1943 up to 2007: 190 rice varieties of wetland were released 30 rice varieties of dryland were released 30 rice varieties of dryland were released
Mostly cultivated:IR-64 Ciherang CiliwungIR-64 Ciherang Ciliwung Way Apo Buru IR 42 Widas Memberamo Cisadane IR 66Memberamo Cisadane IR 66 Cisokan Cibogo
3500000
4000000Rice Variety mostly cultivated in Indonesia
3000000
3500000
n (ha)
2000000
2500000
ultiv
ation
1000000
1500000
rea of Cu
0
500000
1000000
Ar
0
Rice Variety
1 61.6 1.1 1.1 1.1
2.4 1.8
1.6 1.1 1.1IR‐64Ciherang
3.3 CiliwungWay Apo Buru
31.48
IR 42WidasMemberamoCisadane
21.8IR 66Cisokan
Percentage of Rice Variety Cultivated in Indonesia
CisokanCibogo
in Indonesia
Methane emission and rice productivity of p yseveral rice varieties
Rice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation Practices
Map of Soil Distribution in IndonesiaMap of Soil Distribution in IndonesiaD lk li t t i lW t id t t i l Dry, alkaline parent material Wet, acid parent material
1010
Distribution of rice soils in IndonesiaDistribution of rice soils in Indonesia
Wetland Distribution by Island
11.61%
12.62% 5.44% 0.80%
41.13%11.61%
JavaSumatera
28.39%SulawesiKalimantanBali &Nusa tenggaraBali &Nusa tenggara
Total area of wetland in Indonesia in 2008 was 8.01 million hectare
Wetland Area (ha) by Type of Irrigation
3005016
Irrigation
Irrigated
5008720 wetlandNon irrigated wetland
Percentage of Wetland Area by Type of Irrigation
62.50%
37.50% Irrigated wetlandNon irrigated gwetland
64.4 66.4 67.370.0
80.0 Rice Production
50.0
60.0
on
2009
2010
2011 ( di ti )
34.929.5
36.430.0
36.430.9
30.0
40.0
Million to 2011 (prediction)
10 0
20.0
30.0
0.0
10.0
Java Out of Java IndonesiaJava Out of Java Indonesia
Berita Resmi Statistik No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011
12 000 000
10,000,000
12,000,000
on) Rice production in 2009
6,000,000
8,000,000
ction (to
2 000 000
4,000,000
Prod
uc
0
2,000,000
h D.
tara
arat a u
m b i
tan
kulu
ung
ung
uan
arta
arat
gah
arta
mur ten
a l i
arat
mur
arat
gah
tan
mur
tara
gah
tan
gara
talo
arat
uku
tara
arat
pua
Nanggroe Aceh
2. Sum
atera Ut
3. Sum
atera Ba
4. R i
5. J a m
Sumatera Sela
7. Ben
g k8. Lam
pu. B
angka Be
litu
0. Riau Kepu
lau
11. D
.K.I. Ja
ka12. Jaw
a Ba
13. Jaw
a Teng
4. D.I. Yogyaka
15. Jaw
a Tim
16. B
an17. B
asa Te
nggara Ba
a Tenggara Tim
Kalim
antan Ba
alim
antan Teng
alim
antan Sela
Kalim
antan Tim
4. Sulaw
esi U
t. Sulaw
esi Ten
g Sulaw
esi Sela
Sulawesi Ten
gg28. G
oron
t29. Sulaw
esi Ba
30. M
alu
31. M
aluku Ut
32. Papua
Ba
33. Pap
1. N 2 3
6. S 9 1 0 1
18. N
us19. N
us 20.
21. Ka
22. Ka
23. K 2 25.
26.
27. S 2 3
ProvinceProvince
14000000
Rice production in 2010 (by Province)
10000000
12000000
ton)
6000000
8000000
oductio
n (t
2000000
4000000
Rice pro
0
2000000
ceh
ara
arat iau
mbi tan
ulu
ung
ung
iau
arta
arat
gah
arta
mur ten
Bali
arat
mur
arat
gah
tan
mur ara
gah
tan
ara
talo
arat
uku
ara
arat
pua
AcSumatera Ut
Sumatera ba R Jam
matera Selat
Bengk
Lampu
Bangka Belitu
Kepu
lauan R
DKI Jaka
Jawa Ba
Jawa Teng
DI Yogyaka
Jawa Tim
Bant B
Tenggara Ba
Tenggara Tim
alim
antan Ba
mantan Teng
mantan Selat
limantan Tim
Sulawesi U
tulaw
esi Ten
gulaw
esi Selat
awesi Ten
ggGoron
tSulawesi Ba
Malu
Maluku Ut
Papu
a Ba Pap
S S
Su B K
Nusa
Nusa T
KaKalim
Kalim Kal S Su
Sula
2500000
Area of Rice Cultivation in 2010 (by Province)
2000000
2500000
a)
1500000
Cultivatio
n (ha
500000
1000000
Area
of R
ice
0
500000
t g g t r t r t r o t t
Aceh
umatera Utara
umatera barat
Riau
Jambi
matera Selatan
Bengkulu
Lampu
ngangka Be
litun
gep
ulauan
Riau
DKI Jakarta
Jawa Ba
rat
Jawa Tengah
DI Yogyakarta
Jawa Timur
Banten Bali
Tenggara Barat
enggara Timur
imantan Ba
rat
mantan Tengah
mantan Selatan
mantan Timur
Sulawesi U
tara
lawesi Ten
gah
lawesi Selatan
wesi Ten
ggara
Goron
tal o
Sulawesi Barat
Maluku
Maluku Utara
Papu
a Ba
rat
Papu
a
Su Su
Sum Ba Ke
Nusa T
Nusa Te
Kal
Kalim
Kalim Kali S Su Su
Sula S
P fil f h t i 2008 2010Profile of harvest in 2008-2010
Rice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation PracticesRice Cultivation Practices
Wetland:Flooded wetland is still the dominant of rice production in Indonesia
SRI (System of Rice Intensification):The Agriculture ministry of Indonesia plans to increase the use of the SRI:
- 2011 : 100.000 ha- 2012 : 200.000 ha- 2015 : 1,5 million ha
Study of SRI in Indonesia
LOCATION CONVEN‐ S.R.I ReferenceYIELD INCREASES
NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA
TIONAL(TONS/HA)
CENTRAL LOMBOK ‐ 11.2 Sato (2007)O O Sa o ( 00 )SUMBAWA ‐ 14.3 Sato (2007)GARUT ‐ 13.5 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI 12 6 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI ‐ 12.6 Sato (2007)SUKABUMI, NOSC 5.38 6.85 Ardi and Iswandi
(2008)S.E.T.C. PANDAANEAST JAVA
5.5 10.5 Herodian et al, (2008)
BOGOR, 5.0 7.5 Sugiyanta (2008),WEST JAVA
g y ( )
PADANG, W. SUMATRA ‐ 9.67‐11 0
Musliar (2007‐2008)11.0 2008)
S.R.I RICE CULTIVATION AT THREE LOCATIONS IN WEST JAVA
RICE CULTIVATION
TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK
NO. OF TILLERS/HILL
CONVENTIONAL 30.30 a 30.30a 17.3aINORGANIC S.R.I 41.15b 41.15b 26.45c
YIELD COMPON
ORGANIC S.R.I 29.60a 29.60a 20.95bMIXED 39.40b 39.40b 18.7ab
ENTS39.40b
YIELD (TON/HA)
RICE CULTIVATION TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK
CONVENTIONAL3.59 4.58
INORGANIC S R IINORGANIC S.R.I4.35 5.32
ORGANIC S.R.I3.55 4.72
MIXED3. 96 4.97
Correlation between SRI and Methane emission
METHANE EMISSION FROM SUKARAJA (SUKABUMI) (Iswandi et al. 2009)
TREATMENTS2 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT 8 WAT 10 WAT AVERAGE
TREATMENTSmg C‐CH4 m‐2 h‐1
T0 =CONVENTIONAL 2021.2 9939.3 ‐1.95 ‐5.48 2.492021.2 9939.3 1.95 5.48 2.492391.1
T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I 0.00 0.00 1.00 ‐3.77 ‐1.05‐0.76
T2=IN‐ORGANIC S.RI.I 0.00 ‐279.4 5.07 ‐1.98 0.43‐55.2
T3= MIXED 0.00 1517.3 3.50 1.25 5.82305.6
S.R.I. REDUCED CH4 EMISSION FROM RICE FIELD SIGNIFICANTLY
N2O EMISSION SUKABUMI
TREATMENTS6 WAT 8 WAT 10 WAT
µg N‐N20/m2/h
T0= CONVENTIONAL ‐173.35 158.78 36.06
T1= IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I. 4128.40 489.75 42.32
T2 = ORGANIC S.R.I. ‐359.20 35.74 ‐100.84
T3= MIXED 230.13 165.11 10.24
6 WAT 8 WAT
N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI
TREATMENTSµg N‐N20/m2/h
T0=CONVENTIONAL 63.88 423.91
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
T1=IN‐ORGANIC S.R.I. 97.14 1247.84
T2=ORGANIC S.R.I ‐509.96 ‐769.28
REDUCED N20 EMISSION
T3=MIXED 64.59 359.11
Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes under conventional and S R I rice cultivation methodsunder conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation methods at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009)
Treatments Total Microbes*
(x105)
Azotobacter*(x103)
Azospirillum*(x103)
PSM*(x104)
(x105)
Conventional (T0) 2.3a 1.9a 0.9a 3.3a
Inorganic S.R.I (T1) 2.7a 2.2a 1.7ab 4.0a
Organic S.R.I (T2) 3.8b 3.7b 2.8bc 5.9b
Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3) 4 8c 4 4b 3 3c 6 4bInorganic S.R.I + BF (T3) 4.8c 4..4b 3.3c 6.4b
*CFU/g soil PSM = Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes
N2 fixation and CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophic bacteria isolated from rice field in West Java
NoIsolate
N2fixation activity(nM/hour/ml
CH4 oxidation activityIsolate (nM/hour/ml
culture)activity
(uM/day/ml culture)
1 BGM1 10,90 39,53
2 BGM3 7 10 56 622 BGM3 7,10 56,62
3 BGM5 10,80 75,853 BGM5 10,80 75,85
4 BGM9 15,30 59,60
Research in progress: Application of methanotrophic bacteria as biofertilizer in rice cultivation (Conventional, SRI and organic farming)
Management of Rice ResiduesManagement of Rice ResiduesManagement of Rice ResiduesManagement of Rice ResiduesEstimation of biomass production on land use inEstimation of biomass production on land use in Indonesia
i f i d iNutrient content of rice straw and grain
Total area of rice cultivation with and
4,000,000without rotation crops in Indonesia
3,000,0003,500,0004,000,000
irrigation
2,000,0002,500,000, ,
ea (h
a)
irrigation
1,000,0001,500,000Ar
e
0500,000
rice cultivation with crop Rotation
rice cultivation without crop Rotation
Total area of rice cultivation with and
2500000
Total area of rice cultivation with and without rotation crops
2000000
2500000
irrigation (Java)
1500000
2000000
(ha)
Non Irrigation (Java)
1000000Area
(
Irigation (outside Java)
500000non irrigation (outside Java)
0
rice cultivation with crop Rotation
rice cultivation without crop Rotationcrop Rotation without crop Rotation
Soil organic carbon f i t ifi d l l d iof intensified lowland rice areas
in Indonesia1200
s
•• 73% low soil organic 73% low soil organic matter content (<2%),matter content (<2%),23% di i23% di i
800
1000
Sam
ple •• 23% medium organic 23% medium organic
matter content (2matter content (2--3%)3%)•• 4% have more than 3% of4% have more than 3% of
400
600
of S
oil S •• 4% have more than 3% of 4% have more than 3% of
soil organic matter soil organic matter
due to the intensivedue to the intensive
0
200No.
o due to the intensive due to the intensive weathering process, high weathering process, high rainfall and temperature, rainfall and temperature, land use change andland use change and0
< 2.0 2.0 - 3.0 > 3.0
Soil Organic Carbon
land use change, and land use change, and inappropriate management inappropriate management practices without returning practices without returning organic matterorganic matter to the fieldto the field(%) organic matter organic matter to the field to the field
Soil Organic CarbonSoil Organic CarbonSoil Organic CarbonSoil Organic CarbonCase study in West JavaComparison of soil carbon sequestration between organic and conventional rice fields in the top 10 cm soil depth p p(Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
Comparison of soil carbon content profile between organic and conventional rice fields in the top 30 cm soil depth. p p(Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
34
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