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Ridinganemo+onalroller-coaster:amul+modalstudyofyoungchild’smath
problemsolvingac+vi+es
Lujie(Karen)ChenCarnegieMellonUniversity
JointworkwithXinLi,ZhuyunXia,ZhanmeiSong(ShangdongYincai)
Louis-PhilippeMorencyandArturDubrawski(CarnegieMellon)
Imagecredit:hKp://markewbie.weebly.com
1
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Whycan’tmathbeasport?Enthusiasm
ExpectaQonResources…….
sports
math
2Imagecredit:www.omaha.com;www.cbc.ca
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Mathisasport
JohnUrschelProfessionalfootballplayerandMathemaQcian
3Imagecredit:hKp://www.sikids.com/
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SportsandmathsharesRecipeforsuccess
• CulQvateinterestatyoungage• Need“deliberatepracQce”[Ericsson1993]• MakepracQcefun• MakepracQcechallenging
4
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WhatismathpracQce?
5
MOEMS
Imagecredit:www.groton.k12.ct.us
AsampleMathKangarooproblem
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Whatmakesmathproblemsolvinganuniqueexperienceforayoungchild?
6
AcQveexploraQonPassivesupport
Imagecreidt:hKp://americanpregnancy.org/
EmoQonalroller-coaster
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HowtoopQmizetheexperiencethroughpersonalizedsupport?
7
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When?(Assistancedilemma[Koedinger&Aleven2007])
What?(cogniQveand/oremoQonal)
“LearningCompanion”thatcanbe“watchfulforthetrajectoryandprovideappropriatelevelofsupport”[Kapoor2001]
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Researchgoals
• ExploretheuQlityoffinegrainedmul+modalsignalsfromvideorecordingstocharacterizechild’sproblemsolvingbehaviors
9
• DemonstrateanmulQmodalanalysisframeworkonthetemporaldynamicsofinterpersonalcommunicaQonandemoQonalprofile
• Exploreopportunityfor“scalingup”tolargenumberofsubjectsbyvalidaQngautomaQcdetectors
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DatacollecQonprotocol• VideotapedinteracQonbetweena9-year-oldboyandhismom
• Hetriedtosolveoneproblemineachofthesessionandhismomprovidedsupportasneeded
• 21sessionsrecordedover3weeks• ProblemsareselectedfromMathKangaroocompeQQon
BabyRoowrotedownseveralnumbersusingonlythedigits0and1.Thesumofthesenumbersis2013.Itturnedoutthatitisimpossibletogetthesamesumbyaddingupfewernumbersofthiskind.HowmanynumbersdidBabyRoowrite?(A)2(B)3(C)4(D)5(E)204
Anexampleproblem
10
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C:Idon’tgetthis
M:Doyouneedhelp?
A
B
C
D
C:Oh!Isee
Problemunderstanding
PlanningandExecu+on Solvedsupport support 11
(FACET)
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Roadmap
12
<Visual>Facial
Expression
<Visual>Intent-to-Connect
(ITC)
<Vocal>Momandchild’s
talkAnnotaQons FACET manual manual
InterpersonalcommunicaQondynamics
Yes Yes
Videolevelanalysis Yes Yes Yes
PredicQvemodelingofresponse
Yes Yes Yes
AutomaQcRecogniQon
WithmanualannotaQon
WithOpenFaceFeatures
WithCOVAREPFeatures
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Roadmap
13
<Visual>Facial
Expression
<Visual>Intent-to-Connect
(ITC)
<Vocal>Momandchild’s
talkAnnotaQons FACET manual manual
InterpersonalcommunicaQondynamics
Yes Yes
Videolevelanalysis Yes Yes Yes
PredicQvemodelingofresponse
Yes Yes Yes
AutomaQcRecogniQon
WithmanualannotaQon
WithOpenFaceFeatures
WithCOVAREPFeatures
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VideoID
Floorsharingmetrics
Blue:ChildtalkRed:Momtalk
14
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TemporaldynamicsofITCandvoiceacQvity(momandchild’stalk)
video12 video17
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3Timestamp (in minutes)
Inte
nsity
child_talk ITC mom_talk
15
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SynchronizaQon:ITCvsChildtalkvs.Momtalk
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
2627
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
−1.0
−0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0ITC vs Mom talk correlation
ITC
vs
Chi
ld ta
lk c
orre
latio
n
16
Corr(ITC,mom’talk)>Corr(ITC,child’stalk)
Corr(ITC,mom’talk)
<Corr(ITC,child’stalk)
“disengaged”
“engaged”
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Roadmap
17
<Visual>Facial
Expression
<Visual>Intent-to-Connect
(ITC)
<Vocal>Momandchild’s
talkAnnotaQons FACET manual manual
InterpersonalcommunicaQondynamics
Yes Yes
Videolevelanalysis Yes Yes Yes
PredicaQveofmodelingofresponse
Yes Yes Yes
AutomaQcRecogniQon
WithmanualannotaQon
WithOpenFaceFeatures
WithCOVAREPFeatures
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xxx:computedfromfulllengthofvideoxxx_b:computedfromfirst30secsofvideoxxx_e:computedfromlast30secsofvideo
VideolevelanalysisviapairwisecorrelaQon
F S CJ EmoQonstates
InterpersonalcommunicaQonbehaviors
PosiQvecorrelaQon
NegaQvecorrelaQon
• Edgespreservedifthepvalue<0.05from1000itera8onofrandomiza8ontest• Widthofedge~magnitudeofcorrela8on
18
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xxx:computedfromfulllengthofvideoxxx_b:computedfromfirst30secsofvideoxxx_e:computedfromlast30secsofvideo
VideolevelanalysisviapairwisecorrelaQon
F S CJ EmoQonstates
InterpersonalcommunicaQonbehaviors
PosiQvecorrelaQon
NegaQvecorrelaQon
• Edgespreservedifthepvalue<0.05from1000itera8onofrandomiza8ontest• Widthofedge~magnitudeofcorrela8on
19
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xxx:computedfromfulllengthofvideoxxx_b:computedfromfirst30secsofvideoxxx_e:computedfromlast30secsofvideo
VideolevelanalysisviapairwisecorrelaQon
F S CJ EmoQonstates
InterpersonalcommunicaQonbehaviors
PosiQvecorrelaQon
NegaQvecorrelaQon
• Edgespreservedifthepvalue<0.05from1000itera8onofrandomiza8ontest• Widthofedge~magnitudeofcorrela8on
20
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xxx:computedfromfulllengthofvideoxxx_b:computedfromfirst30secsofvideoxxx_e:computedfromlast30secsofvideo
VideolevelanalysisviapairwisecorrelaQon
F S CJ EmoQonstates
InterpersonalcommunicaQonbehaviors
PosiQvecorrelaQon
NegaQvecorrelaQon
• Edgespreservedifthepvalue<0.05from1000itera8onofrandomiza8ontest• Widthofedge~magnitudeofcorrela8on
21
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Roadmap
22
<Visual>Facial
Expression
<Visual>Intent-to-Connect
(ITC)
<Vocal>Momandchild’s
talkAnnotaQons FACET manual manual
InterpersonalcommunicaQondynamics
Yes Yes
Videolevelanalysis Yes Yes Yes
PredicQvemodelingofresponse
Yes Yes Yes
AutomaQcRecogniQon
WithmanualannotaQon
WithOpenFaceFeatures
WithCOVAREPFeatures
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PredicQvemodelforITCresponse(output)
• Output:ifmomrespondswithin5secondsgivenanITC
23
ITC
5secs
responseOutput=1
ITC
5secs
responseOutput=0
TotalnumberofITCs:696(5ITC/mins)Responserate:57%
+me
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• ITCco-occurrence– numberofotherITCwithin2,5,10secondsofthecurrentITC
• OverlapstaQsQcs– numberofchildtalkand/ormomtalkeventsthatare
overlappingwiththecurrentITC
• Headpose– min/max/median/meanofdetecQonsuccess,confidence,Qlt,
turn,up-down,within5secondsofITC
• FACETaffectdetector– min/max/median/meanofemoQonscoreofjoy,surprise,
confusion,frustraQonandbaseline,within5secondsofITC
24
PredicQvemodelforITCresponse(inputfeatures)
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PredicQvemodelforITCresponse(modelperformance)
• Allmodelsoutperformrandomclassifier• NaïveBayesandLogisQcRegressionwithslightadvantages• Whenmodelfurtherimproved,itcanbeusedtoprovideonline
decisionsupportforateacheroraspartofafullyautomaQcagent(learningcompanion)
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tSNEembeddingusingtheemoQoncontext(affectvector)ofITC
EvidenceofITCheterogeneity
Joy
Baseline
ConfusionFrustra+on
Surprise
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Roadmap
27
<Visual>Facial
Expression
<Visual>Intent-to-Connect
(ITC)
<Vocal>Momandchild’s
talkAnnotaQons FACET manual manual
InterpersonalcommunicaQondynamics
Yes Yes
Videolevelanalysis Yes Yes Yes
PredicQvemodelingofresponse
Yes Yes Yes
AutomaQcRecogniQon
WithmanualannotaQon
WithOpenFaceFeatures
WithCOVAREPFeatures
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AutomaQcrecogniQonofITCandvoiceacQvityarepromising
28
ITCmodelinputs:poseesQmaQonfeaturesfromOpenFace[BaltrusaiQs2016]Voiceac+vitymodelinputs:COVAREPfeatures
Basedonrandomsampleof500posiQvesamplesand500negaQvesamples
Individual video 10-fold CV
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AffectRecogniQonisnotasreliable
FACETlabelbaselineconfusionfrustraQon joy surprise Total
Human
Lab
el#1
baseline 20 2 5 3 30
confusion 8 4 12
frustra+on 1 7 5 1 14
joy 1 1 20 1 23
surprise 11 11
Not_Sure 9 12 15 7 17 60Total 30 30 30 30 30 150Accuracy 67% 27% 17% 67% 37%
FACETLabelbaseline confusion frustra+on joy surprise Total
Human
Lab
el#2 baseline 28 6 12 8 13 67
confusion 14 4 18
frustra+on 6 11 1 18
joy 2 3 3 22 6 36
surprise 1 10 11
Total 30 30 30 30 30 150
Accuracy 93% 47% 37% 73% 33%
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PairwisecorrelaQonofFACETscores
Consistentwithfindingsfrom[Bosch&D’Mello2015]:Confusionco-occurswithfrustraQon
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Takeaway#1InterpersonalcommunicaQondynamics
31
video12 video17
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 2 4 6 0 1 2 3Timestamp (in minutes)
Inte
nsity
child_talk ITC mom_talk
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
21
2627
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
−1.0
−0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
−1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0ITC vs Mom talk correlation
ITC
vs
Chi
ld ta
lk c
orre
latio
n
• WedevelopedmethodtocharacterizetheinterpersonalcommunicaQondynamicsandquanQfythesynchronizaQonamongITCandvoiceacQvity
• ThesemetricscanbeusedtoobjecQvelymeasuretheinteracQonqualitybetweenstudentandteacheraswellaschild'saKenQondrix
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Takeaway#2MulQmodalvideolevelanalysis
32
• WeexploredtheassociaQonamonginteracQondynamicsandaffecQvestatesandQmetakentosolvetheproblem
• ThisanalysisshedlightonpotenQalfactorsthatcouldimpactthechild’semoQonalprofilethusprovidesclueshowtoopQmizeemoQonexperience
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Takeaway#3MulQmodalresponsemodel
33
ITC
5secs
responseOutput=1
ITC
5secs
responseOutput=0
• ThepredicQvemodelsforresponseperformbeKerthanrandom,thoughtheyhaveyetroomforimprovement
• Areliablemodelassuchcanprovideonline/realQmedecisionsupportforteacher,mayalsocontributetothevisionof“LearningCompanion”(Kapoor2001)
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Takeaway#4AutomaQcdetecQon:opportunityforscalingup
34
• ReliabledetectorsforITCandvoiceacQvityusingOpenFaceandCOVARAPfeatures
• FACET’sdetecQonofsurpriseandjoyismorereliablethanconfusionandfrustraQon
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Futurework
• Expandthestudytootherchildrenandexplorethepossibilitytotransfermodelfromonechildtoanother
• Incorporatemeasurementsassuchasgrit/perseverance
• ExploreaddiQonalmodaliQes– Verbalmessage(senQmentanalysisthroughAutomaQcSpeechRecogniQon)
– Non-verbalvocalmessage(prosodyfeaturesofspeechsignals)
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“Whyshouldwelearnmaththroughproblem-solving?toputthemagicbackintomath”---Kalman&Res8vo,DirectorsfromMOEMS(MathOlympiadforElementaryandMiddleSchool)