Download - Rise and Spread of ISLAM
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Rise and Spread of ISLAM
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Arabian Peninsulanomadic pastoralists
bedouinscaravan tradeMecca - Ka’baByzantine and
Sassanid (Persian) Empires
Yathrib
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Muhammad
•Kadija - wife
•Meditates - Gabriel - revelation
•Prophet
•Islam - Muslims
•important vocab.
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Muhammad’s Teachings and
what comes after•Five Pillars
•the Quran
•the Hadith
•the Shariah
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After Muhammad’s Death•Abu Bakr
•fighting between nomads turns to fighting for conquest after united
•Schism: Shiite v. Sunni
• jihad = two definitions
•Important themes: unity and trade
•equality of believers under the eyes of Allah = universal appeal like... Christianity
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Important vocab.
•caliph = caliphate
•sultan = sultanate
•Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, Ottoman Sultanate and then a Caliphate
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Umayyad Dynasty661 - 750
•dar-al-Islam “the Islamic Empire”
•Arab minority ruling a non-Arab majority
•jizya = a tax on non-Muslims
•shows conversion not a goal in expansion
•Damascus = capital city
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Umayyad Caliphateal-Andalus Fatimid Dynasty Damascus
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Abbasid Caliphate750 - 1258
•cosmopolitan, urban empire
•People of the Book = religious toleration
•open policy for conversion = migration to urban centers
•converts = mawalis
•harun al-Rashid r776-809
•Thousand and One Nights
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Abbasid Caliphate
•caliph - palaces and harems reinforced claim of absolute power
•bureaucracy - taxation, coinage
•standing army
•regional governors
•maintained excellent road system
•collect taxes and tribute
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Abbasid Caliphate
•vizier or wazir = chief administrator or chief minister
•royal executioner - always stood next to caliph - reinforced caliph’s absolute power
•both usually Persian
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Religion in Muslim Society
•Five Pillars
•Quran = Arabic = literacy
•the Hadith
•Shariah = civil and criminal laws
•madrassas - religious schools - universities
•sufis = mystic, missionaries
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Golden Age of Islam•architecture = mosques - domes,
minarets
•Muslim and Jewish scholars preserved ancient texts of Greeks: Aristotle, Hippocrates, Ptolemy, Euclid
•transmit Indian number system to west
•scholars and merchants carried ideas
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Mosque
Because human and animal images were forbidden, geometric designs, passages from the Quran in swirling Arabic, and the flower and plant motifs were favored.
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Economy of Abbasid Era
•wealth and merchants and urbanization
•Arab dhows = sailing vessels with lateen (triangular) sails
•trade specialized in luxury items for elites
•profits reinvested in new commercial businesses, purchase of land or
•building hospitals, mosques, religious schools - almsgiving one of 5 Pillars
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Why trade? •Muhammad states honest merchants
would stand alongside martyrs to the faith on judgement day
•geographic position - center of trade routes
•good roads, Persian, Roman, their own
•camel saddle
•astrolabe from Hellenistic - calculated latitude
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More on trade:•Arab and Persian traders
•banking developed with a system of loans and sakks (checks)
•silk and ceramics from China
•gold, salt and slaves Africa
•amber, furs from Scandinavia and Russia
•textile, cotton from India
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Slavery
•performed unskilled labor
•domestic slaves
•freedom could be earned
•hard labor for those in rural estates or government projects = Zanj slaves or non-Muslim slaves captured in east Africa
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Decline of the Abbasid•Internal problems:
•increase in slavery, peasant revolts
•civil war over succession
•growth of power of viziers
•caliphs isolated in palaces due to assassination plots
•mamluks hired as bodyguards
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Caliphs no longer rule
•puppet government or mere figureheads
•Mamluks revolt
•Buyid family = Shiite
•Seljuk Turks = Sunni
•1258 = Mongols sack Baghdad
•future Muslim empires will be sultanates
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Comparing the spread of Islam in...
India Sub-Saharan Africa
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Comparing the effects of the spread of Islam in ...
Spain
Anatolia
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The Reconquista of Spain