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Risk-based approaches to food safety in developing
countries
Delia Grace
ILRI workshop on safety of animal source foods with an emphasis on the informal sectors, New Delhi, India, 8 February 2011
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Overview of presentation
Context: – food safety, – animal source foods, – informal markets
Risk-based approaches in Africa and Asia
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Why food safety matters
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
Ca
se
s p
er
ye
ar
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Why animal source foods matter
Manure
Xenobiotics
Chemicals
Pathogens
Aesthetic
Milk, meat, eggs
Xenobiotics
Chemicals
Pathogens
Allergens
Zoonoses:
Bacterial
Viral
Parasitic
Prion
Social conflict
Traffic accidents
Injuries
Environmental degradation
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Why the informal sector matters
Small & medium
scale
Large scale
Self-employment
245,000 11,000
Long-time hired labour
454,000 93,000
Casual labour 36,000 2,000
Total (numbers)
735,000 105,000
% of total 87% 13%
Kenya 80%
Tanzania 98%
W. Africa 90%
India 83%
Assam 97%
Nicaragua 86%
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6CONSUMERS (in litres milk equivalent) (???)
IMPORTS ???LOCAL PRODUCTION (347 Million litres X 17%
marketed= 59 Million litres )
SHOPS
TRADERS
PROCESSORS
FORMAL
3% 31% 66%
<1% 26% 46%27%
28% 72%
100%
13%12%75%
5%
45% 2% 48%
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Risk Assessment
Risk Management
Risk Communication
Risk analysisa tool for decision-making under uncertainty
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Participatory Risk Assessment
Attitudes
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How do risk-based approaches differ from
conventional public health?
Look at risks, not hazardsLook at paths, as well as productsSolution, not problem oriented
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Understanding perceptions & incentives – adulterated milk in
Assam0.0
00.2
50.5
00.7
51.0
0S
en
sitiv
ity
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.001 - Specificity
Area under ROC curve = 0.5178
Perfect test
Consumer judgment
Completely useless test
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0 5 10 15 20 25
Consumer
Intermediary
Farm
Bovine
Added water (%)
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SNF
Addedwater
Coliformslog
Totalbacteria
log
4
6
8
10
4 6 8 10
0
50
0 50
0
5
10
0 5 10
0
5
10
0 5 10
Adulteration & health risk
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Compliance with standards : Formal no better than informal
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Coliforms Totalbacteria
Fat Added water SNF
Sa
mp
les
Co
mp
lyin
g w
ith
Sta
nd
ard
s %
Pasteurised
Raw
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How do risk-based approaches differ from conventional public
health?
Look at paths, as well as productsSolution oriented not problem
oriented
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Risk mitigation
Average of 17.25 risk mitigation strategies used
Farmers who believed UA was legal used more strategies
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-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Waste Disposal Utensils Cleaningregime
Cold storage Personalhygiene
Ingredientstorage
Preparation Selling areahygiene
Hyg
iene
sco
re
Poor quality sweeetsGood or moderate quality sweets
Risk-based identification of interventions to improve bacteriological quality of sweets.