Risk Management in the Marine Fuel Industry Adam Nye
European Energy Derivatives - Transportation
24th May 2013
THIS IS SALES AND TRADING COMMENTARY PREPARED FOR INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS; it is NOT a research report; tax, legal, financial, or accounting advice; or an official confirm. The views of
the author may differ from others at MS (including MS Research). MS may engage in conflicting activities -- including principal trading before or after sending these views -- market making, lending, and the
provision of investment banking or other services related to instruments/issuers mentioned. No investment decision should be made in reliance on this material, which is condensed and incomplete; does not
include all risk factors or other matters that may be material; does not take into account your investment objectives, financial conditions, or needs; and IS NOT A PERSONAL RECOMMENDATION OR
INVESTMENT ADVICE or a basis to consider MS to be a fiduciary or municipal or other type of advisor. It constitutes an invitation to consider entering into derivatives transactions under CFTC Rules 1.71
and 23.605 (where applicable) but is not a binding offer to buy or sell any financial instrument or enter into any transaction. It is based upon sources believed to be reliable (but no representation of accuracy
or completeness is made) and is likely to change without notice. Any price levels are indicative only and not intended for use by third parties. Subject to additional terms at
http://www.morganstanley.com/disclaimers.
The typical structure of an investment bank
Morgan Stanley Commodities
Investment Banking Sales & Trading
Morgan Stanley
Institutional Securities Global Wealth
Management
Commodities
Equities Fixed Income & Commodities
Interest Rates & Currency
Products
Credit Products
2 Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
• The Sales & Trading business
is a wholesale processor of
market risk
• We manage the external
market risks which corporations
would prefer to live without
The Commodities Group
Morgan Stanley Commodities
• Morgan Stanley is an active
trader of both physical
commodities and their financial
derivatives
• Our ability to manage market
risk is the essence of the
service we provide to our clients
Morgan Stanley Commodities
Trading Sales & Marketing
• Crude oil
• Refined products
• Natural gas
• Power
• Coal
• Emissions
• LNG
• Dry bulk & tanker
chartering
Energy
• Precious
• Base
• Ferrous
Metals
• Soybeans
• Wheat
• Cocoa
• Coffee
• Live cattle
Agriculture
3 Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
Who are our clients ? The clientbase
Morgan Stanley Commodities
4
• We aim to maintain a broad
and diverse client base such
that our derivative business
reflects the underlying physical
reality
• Our shipping clients form part
of this broader market
coverage
• Risk management is a scale
business: the more flows you
have, the greater your ability to
manage risk effectively
Commodities Marketing Structure of our clientbase
CLIENTS
CORPORATES INVESTORS
PRODUCERS REFINERS CONSUMERS
• Airlines
• Shipping
• Bus & Rail
• Industrials
• Utilities
• Active (hedge funds)
• Passive (pension funds)
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
END USERS INTERMEDIARIES
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
Gulf
war
Increased Iraq production,
Asian economic crisis
OPEC production
cutbacks, strong
world demand
9/11 terrorist attack
Iraq
war
Hurricane
Katrina
Militant attacks
in Nigeria
Credit crisis
OPEC
cuts
output
Global Downturn
European
Sovereign
Debt Crisis
Unrest in
the Middle
East and
North
Africa
IEA /
SPR oil
release
Middle East
production
disruption
fears
Macro
economic
concerns
over Europe
Airlines & fuel risk management Some history
Morgan Stanley Commodities
Brent crude oil $/bbl
• Airlines’ adoption of active
risk management practices
has been driven by changes
in both the oil market and the
airline sector
• Key factors
– Airline ownership
– Development of derivative
markets
– Increased volatility and
inflation in commodity
prices
– Investors
5
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Sales & Trading, Bloomberg
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Q1-12 Q2-12 Q3-12 Q4-12 Q1-13 Q2-13 Q3-13 Q4-13 2014 2015 +
EMEA
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Q1-13 Q2-13 Q3-13 Q4-13 Q1-14 Q2-14 Q3-14 Q4-14 2015 2016 +
EMEA
6
Morgan Stanley Commodities
EMEA Airlines Percentage of Consumption Hedged (2012 Survey) Average % of Consumption Hedged (1, 2)
Source Morgan Stanley 2013 Airline Survey
Source Morgan Stanley 2012 Airline Survey
EMEA Airlines Percentage of Consumption Hedged (2013 Survey) Average % of Consumption Hedged (1, 2)
Notes: 1. Responses to this question were provided as a range (0-10%, 11-20%, 21-30%, etc.) To plot this graph, responses were taken to be at the midpoint of each range, and averaged. Due to this methodology, total use across all instruments may not sum to 100%.
2. The responses are not weighted by airline consumption.
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
A snapshot of airlines’ fuel risk management activity
• Fuel risk management is now a
routine part of almost all
airlines’ corporate treasury
function
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Extendibles
Capped Swaps
Range Swaps
Ratio Collars
Puts
Call Spreads
3-ways
4-ways
Calls
Collars
Swaps
2011 Airline Survey 2012 Airline Survey 2013 Airline Survey
Consumer hedging instruments
7
Morgan Stanley Commodities
Choice of Instruments Used in Hedging Programme (1)
% Composition of Total Hedging Programme, Averaged Across Respondents (2)
Notes: 1. Responses to this question were provided as a range (0-10%, 11-20%, 21-30%, etc.) To plot this graph, responses were taken to be at the midpoint of each range, and averaged. Due to this methodology, total use across all instruments may not sum to 100%.
2. The responses are not weighted by airline consumption.
• Airlines use a broad variety of
instruments to hedge their risk
Source Morgan Stanley 2011 Airline Survey, Morgan Stanley 2012 Airline Survey, Morgan Stanley 2013 Airline Survey
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
How shipping companies compare A more complex picture
Morgan Stanley Commodities
8
• Certain sectors of the shipping
industry have very similar risk
profiles to airlines
• Only specific sectors have outright exposure to fuel prices:
– Container lines, chemical tankers, ferry operators, cruise operators, car carriers, some
charterers
– Often bunker costs will be managed via contractual terms
– Otherwise these sectors follow a similar pattern to airlines with some differences
– Activity is market price driven
• How shipping companies differ
– Risk management activity is more sporadic, less disciplined and less widely adopted
– Ownership important
– Risk culture
– Risk management as a “source of profit” vs “tool to reduce volatility”
How shipping companies compare II A more complex picture
Morgan Stanley Commodities
9
• Many sectors in shipping do not
have outright fuel risk but
―gross margin risk‖
• Some sectors of the freight market only have exposure to fuel associated with a particular
freight contract:
– Tankers, dry bulk
– Contracts of Affreightment
– Time charter equivalent paper trading
• Instruments generally very simple (just lock in the bunker price)
• Not market price driven – the driver is the fixing of freight contracts and COAs
• Also fixed price bunker contracts
Historical and Forward Fuel Oil Prices
Morgan Stanley Commodities
10
HSFO 3.5% NWE FOB Barges Historical Price and Forward Swap Curve As of 21st May 2013
$/MT
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Sales and Trading, Platts
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
Jun-13Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13
$576/MT
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
Oct-12 Dec-12 Feb-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Aug-13 Oct-13
Historical Price
Jun-13Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13
$576/MT
$611/MT
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
Oct-12 Dec-12 Feb-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Aug-13 Oct-13
Historical Price
Historical and Forward Fuel Oil Prices
Morgan Stanley Commodities
11
HSFO 3.5% NWE FOB Barges Historical Price and Forward Swap Curve As of 21st May 2013
$/MT
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Sales and Trading, Platts
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
The counterparty
receives from MS
Aug-13 settle at
+$35/MT above
hedge level
Jun-13Jul-13 Aug-13 Sep-13 Oct-13 Nov-13
$576/MT
$551/MT
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
Oct-12 Dec-12 Feb-13 Mar-13 May-13 Jul-13 Aug-13 Oct-13
Historical Price
Historical and Forward Fuel Oil Prices
Morgan Stanley Commodities
12
HSFO 3.5% NWE FOB Barges Historical Price and Forward Swap Curve As of 21st May 2013
$/MT
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Sales and Trading, Platts
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
MS receives from
the counterparty
Aug-13 settle at
-$25/MT below
hedge level
ICE Brent Historical Price
Morgan Stanley Commodities APPENDIX
14
ICE Brent Historical Price As of 21st May 2013
$/BBL
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Sales and Trading, ICE
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jul-11 Jan-12 Jul-12 Jan-13
ICE Brent
Fuel Oil & Gasoil Historical Price
Morgan Stanley Commodities APPENDIX
15
HSFO 3.5% NWE FOB Barges & ICE Gasoil Historical Price As of 21st May 2013
$/MT
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Sales and Trading, ICE, Platts
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jul-11 Jan-12 Jul-12 Jan-13
ICE Gasoil HSFO 3.5% NWE FOB Barges
Fuel Oil & Gasoil Cracks Historical Price
Morgan Stanley Commodities APPENDIX
16
HSFO 3.5% NWE FOB Barges & ICE Gasoil Cracks Historical Price As of 21st May 2013
$/BBL
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Sales and Trading, ICE, Platts
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
-45
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
35
Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09 Jan-10 Jul-10 Jan-11 Jul-11 Jan-12 Jul-12 Jan-13
ICE Gasoil Crack HSFO 3.5% NWE FOB Barges Crack
How is the market structured ? An example : oil derivatives flow
Morgan Stanley Commodities
EXCHANGES
• Highly liquid markets
• Liquidity concentrated
among a few products &
instruments
Crude Oil & Refined Products Sales & Trading Market Structure
TRADING
MARKETING
CORPORATES INVESTORS
• Producers
• Refiners
• Consumers
• Active
• Passive
• Retail
EXCHANGE TRADED
MARKET
Crude oil – Gasoil/ Heating Oil – Gasoline
Futures & Options
NYMEX / ICE
OTC MARKET
VOICE BROKERS
Banks / Traders / Majors OTC
• Large total size
• Liquidity fragmented into
many products &
instruments
10
Morgan Stanley Commodities
Swap for a Consumer
• Strategy
– A consumer buys a swap to
protect against escalating
prices
• A swap (or fixed for floating
contract) is the simplest
strategy for consumers to lock
in forward market prices
• Unlike an option, a swap does
not have an up-front premium
cost. A swap is a purely
financial transaction that
establishes a fixed price
• When market prices are higher
than the swap price, Morgan
Stanley pays the consumer the
difference (market price less
swap price)
• When market prices are lower
than the swap price, the
consumer pays Morgan Stanley
the difference (swap price less
market price)
6
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities
All units in $/bbl
Settlement for the swap:
Average price = 115, consumer’s P&L = 0
Average price < 115, consumer pays money
e.g. pays 2 at the price of 113
Average price > 115, consumer receives money
e.g. receives 2 at the price of 117
Consumer Buys a Swap
115
Price
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities
115
0
-2
2
113 117
P&L
$/bbl
Price
Morgan Stanley pays Consumer
Effective Price: Physical + Hedge
Market
Consumer pays Morgan Stanley
The information contained herein is not intended to be, and does not constitute, advice from Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley is not your advisor (municipal, financial or any other kind of
advisor) and is not acting in a fiduciary capacity. This information was prepared by Morgan Stanley sales, trading, banking or other non-research personnel. This is not a research report and
the views or information contained herein should not be viewed as independent of the interests of Morgan Stanley trading desks. To the extent any prices or price levels are noted, they are
for informational purposes only and are not intended for use by third parties, and are indicative as of the date shown and are not a commitment by Morgan Stanley to trade at any price.
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
Call for a Consumer
• Strategy
– A consumer buys a call to
guard against a rising market
price and to be able to
continue to take advantage
of stable or lower prices
• A call option gives the holder
the right (but not obligation) to
buy the underlying commodity
at a predetermined price by a
specified date
• The premium (price of the
option) is paid up front by
the option holder (consumer)
to the option grantor
(Morgan Stanley)
• With a call option, a consumer
protects himself against rising
prices by establishing a
maximum purchase price
• Unlike a swap, a call option
does not lock the consumer
into a fixed purchase price so
the consumer will participate in
falling prices
Morgan Stanley Commodities
11
All units in $/bbl
Settlement for the call:
Premium = 3.00
Average price ≤ 115, consumer receives 0
Consumer’s P&L = -3.00
Average price > 115, consumer receives money
e.g. consumer receives 7 for price of 122
but consumer’s P&L = 4.00
(7 less 3.00 premium)
115
Price
Effective Price: Physical + Hedge
Market
Morgan Stanley pays Consumer
Strike
Consumer Buys a Call
115 122
0
-3.00
4.00
P&L
$/bbl
Price
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Source Morgan Stanley Commodities
The information contained herein is not intended to be, and does not constitute, advice from Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley is not your advisor (municipal, financial or any other kind of
advisor) and is not acting in a fiduciary capacity. This information was prepared by Morgan Stanley sales, trading, banking or other non-research personnel. This is not a research report and
the views or information contained herein should not be viewed as independent of the interests of Morgan Stanley trading desks. To the extent any prices or price levels are noted, they are
for informational purposes only and are not intended for use by third parties, and are indicative as of the date shown and are not a commitment by Morgan Stanley to trade at any price.
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
Collar: Put—Call for a Consumer
• Strategy
– A zero-cost method for a
consumer to establish upside
price protection
– However, the collar limits
participation in any potential
savings from falling prices
• For a consumer, a zero-cost
collar is a combination of a long
call and a short put
• As prices rise above the call
strike, the consumer exercises
his call option to establish a
price ceiling
• As prices trade below the put
strike, Morgan Stanley
exercises the put option,
establishing a price floor
• At prices between the put and
call option strikes, both options
are out-of-the-money, and the
consumer's purchase price is
the market price
• The premium income received
for the put finances the cost of
buying the call
Morgan Stanley Commodities
12
All units in $/bbl
Settlement for the zero-cost collar:
115 ≤ Observed price ≤ 120, consumer’s P&L = 0
Observed price > 120, consumer receives money
e.g. receives 5 at the price of 125
Observed price < 115, consumer pays money
e.g. pays 5 at the price 110
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Source Morgan Stanley Commodities
Consumer Buys a Call and Sells a Put with Equal
Premiums
Price
115
120
Effective Price: Physical + Hedge
Market
Consumer pays Morgan Stanley
Morgan Stanley pays Consumer
Cap—Strike of Long Call
Floor—Strike of Short Put
115 120 Price 110 125
0
-5
5
P&L
$/bbl
The information contained herein is not intended to be, and does not constitute, advice from Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley is not your advisor (municipal, financial or any other kind of
advisor) and is not acting in a fiduciary capacity. This information was prepared by Morgan Stanley sales, trading, banking or other non-research personnel. This is not a research report and
the views or information contained herein should not be viewed as independent of the interests of Morgan Stanley trading desks. To the extent any prices or price levels are noted, they are
for informational purposes only and are not intended for use by third parties, and are indicative as of the date shown and are not a commitment by Morgan Stanley to trade at any price.
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
3-Way Collar: Put—Calls for a Consumer
• Strategy
– For a moderately bullish
consumer who does not
believe the price will rise
above a certain level
• A 3-way collar is a zero-cost
strategy in which a consumer
gives up some upside
protection to achieve a better
strike for the put the consumer
sold when compared to a
normal collar
• For a consumer, a zero-cost 3-
way collar includes a long call,
a short put, and a short call
Morgan Stanley Commodities
Put-call-call
Source Morgan Stanley Commodities Source Morgan Stanley Commodities
Consumer Buys a Call, Sells a Put, and Sells a
Call with Offsetting Premiums
All units in $/bbl Settlement for the 3-way collar: 115≤ Observed price ≤120, consumer’s P&L = 0 120 < Observed price ≤ 125, consumer receives money e.g. receives 5 at the price 125 Observed price < 115, consumer pays money e.g. pays 5 at the price of 110 Observed price > 125, consumer receives maximum 5; consumer is exposed to any further price increase
0
-5
115 120 Price
5
110 125
P&L
$/bbl
130
Price
115
120
125
Effective Price: Physical + Hedge
Market
Strike of Long Call
Floor—Strike of Short Put
Strike of Short Call
Morgan Stanley pays Consumer
Consumer pays Morgan Stanley
13
The information contained herein is not intended to be, and does not constitute, advice from Morgan Stanley. Morgan Stanley is not your advisor (municipal, financial or any other kind of
advisor) and is not acting in a fiduciary capacity. This information was prepared by Morgan Stanley sales, trading, banking or other non-research personnel. This is not a research report and
the views or information contained herein should not be viewed as independent of the interests of Morgan Stanley trading desks. To the extent any prices or price levels are noted, they are
for informational purposes only and are not intended for use by third parties, and are indicative as of the date shown and are not a commitment by Morgan Stanley to trade at any price.
Please see additional important information and qualifications at the end of this material.
APPENDIX
Disclaimer
Morgan Stanley Commodities
The information in this material was prepared by sales, trading, or other non-research personnel of Morgan Stanley for institutional investors. This is not a research report, and unless otherwise
indicated, the views herein (if any) are the author’s and may differ from those of our Research Department or others in the F irm. This material is not independent of the interests of our trading
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an invitation to consider entering into derivatives transactions under CFTC Rules 1.71 and 23.605 (where applicable) but is not a binding offer to buy or sell any instrument or enter into any
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17