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Road safety in China, India, and Brazil:
Challenges and opportunities
Michael Sivak
The University of Michigan
Transportation Research Institute
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Sustainable Worldwide Transportation
• Bendix
• Bosch
• Continental
• FIA Foundation
• Ford
• GM
• Nissan
• Toyota
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Sustainable Transportation
That combination of available transportation optionsthat optimizes the tradeoffs among the safety,environmental, economic, and social consequences
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Guiding principle of safety
research:
Reduce total harm
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Exposure
Consequences
of a crashCra
sh ri
sk
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Exposure
Consequences
of a crashCra
sh ri
sk
Adapted from Thulin and Nilsson (1994)
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Exposure
Consequences
of a crashCra
sh ri
sk
Exposure
Modification
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Exposure
Consequences
of a crashCra
sh ri
sk CrashAvoidance
Exposure
Modification
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Exposure
Consequences
of a crashCra
sh ri
sk CrashAvoidance
Exposure
Modification
Crash
Mitigation
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Safety sustainability
• Traffic safety in the U.S.: Re-examining majoropportunities
• Mechanisms involved in the recent large reductions inthe U.S. road fatalities
• A road-safety upside of the current economic downturn
• The future of personal transportation the megacities ofthe world
• Road safety in China: Challenges and opportunities
• Road safety in India: Challenges and opportunities
• Road safety in Brazil: Challenges and opportunities
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Common elements
• Lead authors from the respective countries
(Wei Zhang, Dinesh Mohan, Eduardo Vasconcellos)
• Identification of the largest “cubes” of total harm
• Identification of effective countermeasures for each
“cubes” that reduce the exposure, crash risk, or crash
consequences
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areas
Nighttime
Motorcycles
- Motorcycles and small cars
Vehicle passengers
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways
Trucks and buses
Two-lane roads
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians E R C
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists E R C
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areasE R C
Nighttime E R C E R C E R C
Motorcycles E R C E R C
- Motorcycles and small cars E R C
Vehicle passengers E R C
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways E R C
Trucks and buses E R C
Two-lane roads E R C
E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Promising interventions
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areas
Nighttime
Motorcycles
- Motorcycles and small cars
Vehicle passengers
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways
Trucks and buses
Two-lane roads
Example 1
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areas
Nighttime
Motorcycles
- Motorcycles and small cars
Vehicle passengers
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways
Trucks and buses
Two-lane roads
E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Delayed activation of
headlights
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians E R C
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists E R C
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areasE R C
Nighttime E R C E R C E R C
Motorcycles E R C E R C
- Motorcycles and small cars E R C
Vehicle passengers E R C
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways E R C
Trucks and buses E R C
Two-lane roads E R C
Automatic headlights
in the dark
E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areas
Nighttime
Motorcycles
- Motorcycles and small cars
Vehicle passengers
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways
Trucks and buses
Two-lane roads
Example 2
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areas
Nighttime
Motorcycles
- Motorcycles and small cars
Vehicle passengers
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways
Trucks and buses
Two-lane roads
E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
Much lower seatbelt
usage rates than drivers
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Large “cubes” / areas for intervention China India Brazil
Pedestrians E R C
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists E R C
- Pedestrians and other non-motorists in
urban areasE R C
Nighttime E R C E R C E R C
Motorcycles E R C E R C
- Motorcycles and small cars E R C
Vehicle passengers E R C
Wrong-way drivers on divided highways E R C
Trucks and buses E R C
Two-lane roads E R C
Education to increase
passenger seatbelt use
E: exposure R: risk C: consequences
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Conclusion
Major safety improvements could be
made worldwide by using targeted
countermeasures based on scientific,
system-wide understanding of the
mechanisms that contribute to the
occurrence of large components of the
overall problem in each country
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Reports
Road safety in China: Challenges and opportunities
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60474/1/100702.pdf
Road safety in India: Challenges and opportunities
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61504/1/102019.pdf
Road safety in Brazil: Challenges and opportunities
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63586/1/102260.pdf
Sponsoring consortium
Sustainable Worldwide Transportation http://www.umich.edu/~umtriswt