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Chapters 10 & 11Chapters 10 & 11
Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Rocks and Minerals
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Rocks
• Earth’s crust is made of rock.
• Rocks are mixtures of minerals and sometimes other materials.
background image source: http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/7100/world.topo.bathy.200401.3x5400x2700.jpg
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Studying Rocks
• When studying a rock sample, geologists observe the rock’s:– Color
• click here for a rock color chart
– Texture– Chemical Composition
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Color Chart Quiz
image source:http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blgneiss.htm
Click the color on the color chart that best identifies the color of the rock above.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Excellent!• You have correctly identified the rock on the color chart.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Texture
• Most rocks are made up of grains, particles or minerals, or other rocks.
• Texture is the look that results from:– Size– Shape– Pattern of rock’s grains
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Grains• Coarse-grained: large/easy to see• Fine-grained: small, even microscopic
– Click here for rock identification tables that include information on grain size.
Obsidian – A Fine-grained Rockimage source: http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blobsidian.htm
Sandstone – A Coarse-grained Rockimage source: http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/blsandstone.htm
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Grain Pattern
• Grains in rock often form a pattern.– Flat layers (strata)– Wavy, swirling patterns– Rows of beads– Random or no pattern
Example
Example
Example
Example
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Flat Layers (strata)
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Wavy, Swirling Patterns
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Rows of Beads
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Random or No Pattern
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Quick Forming Rocks
• Some rocks have no grain because they cooled too quickly when they formed.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Rock Groups
• There are three groups of rocks:– Igneous– Metamorphic– Sedimentary
• Click on the links above to find the definition of each group of rock. Once you have reviewed these definitions online, click on the arrow to continue.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Igneous Rocks
• Formed from the cooling of molten, or melted, rock
Pumice Granite Basalt
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Metamorphic Rocks• Formed when existing rock is changed by
heat, pressure, or chemical reactions
Gneiss Schist Phyllite
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Sedimentary Rocks• Formed when particles of other rocks,
plants, or animals are cemented together
Sandstone Breccia Siltstone
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
The Rock Cycle
Click here for another illustration of the rock cycle.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Online Rock Cycle Activities• The Rock Cycle
– Click on the image below to access online resources and activities.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Minerals
• A mineral:– Occurs naturally– Is inorganic– Is Solid– Has a crystal structure– Has a definite chemical composition
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Minerals
• There are three thousand (3000) minerals.
• One hundred (100) minerals are common.
• Twenty (20) minerals make up most of the rocks of Earth’s crust (rock-forming minerals).
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Mineral Formation
• Minerals form through:– Crystallization of melted materials.– Crystallization of materials dissolved in
water.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Crystals
• Repeating patterns of a mineral’s particles that form a solid.– Click here for a
crystal experiment from National Geographic.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Mineral Composition• All minerals contain certain elements in
definite amounts.• Most minerals are compounds (two or
more elements).• Silver and gold are considered minerals.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Mohs Hardness Scale• The Mohs Hardness Scale ranks ten
minerals from softest to hardest.
source: http://www.amfed.org/t_mohs.htm
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Ranking Minerals
• Minerals are ranked according to:• Click on the word below for more information.
– Color– Streak– Luster– Density– Cleavage– Fracture
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Color
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Streak
• Streak is the color of a mineral’s powder.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Luster
• Luster is how shiny a mineral is.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Density
• Density is mass per unit volume (specific gravity).
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Cleavage
• Cleavage is the breaking of a mineral along a regular line.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Fracture• Fracture is the irregular breaking of a mineral.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Fluorescence
• Fluorescence refers to minerals that glow under ultraviolet light.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
Magnetism
• Magnetism occurs naturally in some minerals, such as magnetite.
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Rocks and Minerals Rocks and Minerals • Science, 8• Science, 8thth Grade Grade
The End
• Click here for another online resource about rocks and minerals.
• Click the arrow below to return to the beginning of this presentation.