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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION:
THE BEHAVIOR OF SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES.HOW THE ACOUSTICAL ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS THE FUNCTIONS & ACTIVITIES IN THE SPACE.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
INTRODUCTION
SOUND DISTRIBUTION:
ROOM SHAPE
PLACEMENT OF REFLECTIVE AND ABSORPTIVE SURFACES.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
SOUND ABSORPTION
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT:
DESCRIBES THE FRACTION OF THE INCIDENT SOUND ENERGY THAT A MATERIAL ABSORBS. THEORETICALLY IT CAN VARY FROM 0 (NO SOUND ENERGY ABSORBED) TO 1.0 (PERFECT ABSORPTION OF ALL INCIDENT SOUND ENERGY)
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
SABINES
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
DIRECT SOUND
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
DIRECT SOUND
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH:
PLACING THE AUDIENCE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE STAGE.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
PLACING THE AUDIENCE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE STAGE.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
PLACING THE AUDIENCE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE STAGE.
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH:
PLACING THE AUDIENCE AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE STAGE THROUGH STACKED BALCONIES.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH:
RAISING THE SOURCE IN HEIGHT.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH:
RAISING THE SOURCE IN HEIGHT.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATION
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH
IMPROVING THE DIRECT SOUND PATH:
RAKING THE SEATING.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
RAY DIAGRAMS:
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYZING REFLECTED SOUND.
RAYS ARE DRAWN NORMAL TO THE SPHERICALLY PROPAGATING OF WAVES.
SPECULAR REFLECTION IS ASSUMED.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
LIMITATIONS OF RAY DIAGRAMS:
THE SPACE IS THREE-DIMENSIONAL BUT THE DIAGRAM IS TWO-DIMENSIONAL.
COMPLICATED BY VARIOUS SPEAKING POSITIONS.NOT APPLICABLE TO LOW-FREQUENCIES (BELOW 250HZ).
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
DIFFUSION OF SOUND: WHEN SOUND REFLECTS OFF A FLAT HORIZONTAL SURFACE, A DEGREE OF DIFFUSION IS PROVIDED.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
FLUTTER ECHO
FLUTTER ECHO:
REPEATED ECHOES TRAVERSING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL SURFACES.
REQUIRES AN IMPULSE SOURCE.
PERCEIVED AS A BUZZING OR CLICKING SOUND.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
STANDING WAVES (ROOM RESONANCE)
STANDING WAVES (ROOM RESONANCE):
SIMILAR TO FLUTTER IN PRINCIPLE BUT CAUSED BY PURE TONE SOURCES.
PERCEIVED AS VARIATIONS IN SOUND LEVEL.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
STANDING WAVES (ROOM RESONANCE)
DESCRIPTION:STANDING WAVES WILL OCCUR WHEN PARALLEL WALLS ARE SOME INTEGRAL MULTIPLE OF HALF A WAVE LENGTH APART.THEY OCCUR ONLY IN SMALL ROOMS (30’ OR LESS FOR MUSIC & 15’ OR LESS FOR SPEECH.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
FLUTTER ECHO & ROOM RESONANCE
METHODS OF CONTROL:
SOUND ABSORBING TREATMENT.
NONPARALLEL-WALL SURFACES.
SOUND-DIFFUSING WALL MODULATION.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
METHODS OF CONTROL: NONPARALLEL-WALL SURFACES & SOUND-DIFFUSING WALL MODULATION.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
INCLINED FLAT SURFACES
GREATER DIFFUSION IS PROVIDED.IF THE INCLINATION IS UP TOWARD THE AUDIENCE, SOUND IS PROJECTED DEEPER INTO THE ROOM.CAN INCREASE USEFUL CEILING REFLECTIVE SURFACE.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
SOUNDING BOARD
GREATER DIFFUSION IS PROVIDED.IF THE INCLINATION IS UP TOWARD THE AUDIENCE, SOUND IS PROJECTED DEEPER INTO THE ROOM.CAN INCREASE USEFUL CEILING REFLECTIVE SURFACE.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
SOUNDING BOARD
DESCRIPTION:
THE SOUND SOURCE SHOULD BE CLOSELY AND ABUNDANTLY SURROUNDED WITH LARGE SOUND-REFLECTING SURFACES, SUCH AS PLASTER OR CONCRETE, TO INSURE ADEQUATE LOUDNESS IN REMOTE AREAS.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
PROVIDES THE GREATEST DIFFUSION.IN A DIFFUSE SOUND FIELD THE SOUND LEVEL REMAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT THROUGHOUT THE SPACE
WHICH IS EXTREMELY DESIRABLE FOR MUSIC.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
CONVEX SURFACES
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
FOCUSING
CONCAVE SURFACES:
REFLECTED SOUND IS CONCENTRATED INTO CERTAIN AREAS.
CREATES HOT AND DEAD SPOTS ACOUSTICALLY.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
FOCUSING
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
CREEP
REFLECTION OF SOUND ALONG A CURVED SURFACE FROM A SOURCE NEAR THE SURFACE.
ALTHOUGH THE SOUND CAN BE HEARD AT POINTS ALONG THE SURFACE, IT IS INAUDIBLE AWAY FROM THE SURFACE..
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
CREEP
METHODS OF CONTROL:
SURFACE UNDULATIONS.
SOUND ABSORBING TREATMENT.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
EERO SAARINEN, MIT CHAPEL
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
ECHOES
ECHO:
THE DISTINCT REPETITION OF THE ORIGINAL SOUND SUCH THAT IT IS SUFFICIENTLY LOUD TO BE CLEARLY HEARD ABOVE GENERAL REVEBERATION.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
ECHOES
DESCRIPTION:
ECHOES OCCUR WHEN THE REFLECTED SOUND PATH EXCEEDS THE DIRECT SOUND PATH BY MORE THAN 60 FEET.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
ECHOES
CONTROL: USE OF SOUND ABSORBING MATERIAL OR INCLINING CEILING SURFACE.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATHDESCRIPTION
RAY-DIAGRAMS
HORIZONTAL SURFACES
INCLINED SURFACES
CONVEX SURFACES
CONCAVE SURFACES
ECHOES
DIFFRACTION
REVERBERATION
DIFFRACTION
THE BENDING OR FLOWING OF A SOUND WAVE AROUND AN OBJECT OR THROUGH AN OPENING.
IMPINGING SOUND WAVES WILL READILY DIFFRACT AROUND PANELS THAT ARE SMALLER THAN THEIR WAVELENGTH.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATIONDESCRIPTION
PATTERNS OF REVERBERANT DECAY
REVERBERATION TIME
REVERBERATION
REVERBERATION:
THE PERSISTENCE OF SOUND AT MID-FREQUENCIES.
DETERMINED BY ROOM VOLUME AND TOTAL ABSORPTION AT THAT FREQUENCY.
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATIONDESCRIPTION
PATTERNS OF REVERBERANT DECAY
REVERBERATION TIME
SOUND IN A LARGE ROOM
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATIONDESCRIPTION
PATTERNS OF REVERBERANT DECAY
REVERBERATION TIME
SOUND IN A SMALL ROOM
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ROOM ACOUSTICS
INTRODUCTION
SOUND ABSORPTION
DIRECT SOUND PATH
REFLECTED SOUND PATH
REVERBERATIONDESCRIPTION
PATTERNS OF REVERBERANT DECAY
REVERBERATION TIME
REVERBERATION TIME
REVERBERATION TIME:
THE TIME REQUIRED FOR SOUND TO DECAY 60 DECIBELS AFTER THE SOURCE HAS STOPPED.