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Merekayasa Masa Depan
Pengenalan pada Rekayasa
(Enjinyiring):Pendekatan Komprihensif
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Bab 1
Sejarah Rekayasa (Enjinyiring)
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1.1 Pendahuluan Definisi Enjinyiring
The profession in which knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences, gainedby study, experience, and practice, isapplied with judgment to develop ways touse, economically, the materials and forcesof nature for the benefit of mankind.
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1.2 Getting Started Kebudayaan Prasejarah
Zaman Komputer
Kecepatan Perubahan Sejarah
Quick Overview
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1.3 Awal Mula Rekayasa Masa prasejarah
Mesir dan
Mesopotamia
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1.3 Gambar Piramida
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1.4 The Overview Approach Perekayasaan Kuil
Yunani
Jalan Roma danAqueducts
Tembok Besar Cina
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1.5 Bergerak Melalui Zaman 1200 SM 1M
Quality of wrought iron is improved
Swords are mass produced
Siege towers are perfected
Greeks develop manufacturing
Archimedes memperkenalkan matematikadi Yunani
Concrete is used for arched bridges, roads
and aqueducts in Rome.
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1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: A.D. 1-1000 Chinese further develop the study of
mathematics
Gunpowder is perfected
Cotton and silk manufactured
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1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1000-1400 Silk and glass industries continue to
grow
Leonardo Fibinacci, a medievalmathematician, writes the first Westerntext on algebra
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1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1400-1700 First toilet is invented in England
Galileo constructs a series of telescopes, with
which he observes the rotation about the sun Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the
existence of a vacuum
Issac Newton constructs first reflecting
telescopes Boyles Gas Law, stating pressure varies
inversely with volume, is first introduced.
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1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1700-1800 Industrial Revolution begins in Europe
James Watt patents his first steamengine
Society of Engineers, a professionalengineering society, is formed in
London First building made completely of cast
iron built in England
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1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1800-1825 Machine automation is first introduced
in France
First railroad locomotive is designed andmanufactured
Chemical symbols are developed, the
same symbols used today (Au, He) Single wire telegraph line is developed
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1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1825-1875 Reinforced concrete is first used
First synthetic plastic material is created
Bessemer develops his process tocreate stronger steel in mass quantities
First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania
Typewriter is perfected
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1.5 Traveling Through the
Ages: 1875-1900 Telephone is patented in the US byAlexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison invents the light bulband the phonograph
Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb
DaimlerAutomobile introduced by Karl Benz
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1.5 Traveling Through theAges: 1900-1925
Wright brothers complete first sustainedflight
Ford develops first diesel engines intractors
First commercial flight between Paris
and London begins Detroit becomes center of auto
production industry
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1.5 Traveling Through theAges: 1925-1950
John Logie Baird invents a primitiveform of television
The VW Beetle goes into production
First atomic bomb is used
The transistor is invented
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1.5 Traveling Through theAges: 1950-1975
Computers first introduced into themarket, and are common by 1960
Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, putinto space by USSR
First communication satelliteTelstar
is put into space The U.S. completes the first ever moon
landing
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1.5 Traveling Through theAges: 1975-1990
The Concord is first used for supersonicflight between Europe and the U.S.
Columbia space shuttle is reused forspace travel
First artificial heart is successfully
implanted
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1.5 Traveling Through theAges: 1990-Present
Robots travel on Mars
The Chunnel between England and
France is finished
GPS is used to predict and reportweather conditions, as well as many
other consumer applications
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1.6 Case Study of Two HistoricEngineers
Leonardo Da Vinci
Gutenberg and His
Printing Press
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1.7 The History of theDisciplines
Aerospace Eng.
Agricultural Eng.
Chemical Eng.
Civil Eng.
Computer Eng.
Electrical Eng.
Industrial Eng.
Mechanical Eng.
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1.7 History: AerospaceEngineering
Aerospace engineering is concernedwith engineering applications in the
areas of aeronautics (the science of airflight) and astronautics (the science ofspace flight).
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1.7 History:Agricultural
EngineeringAgricultural engineering focuses on:
Soil and water
Structures and environment
Electrical power and processing
Food engineering
Power and machinery
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1.7 History: ChemicalEngineering
Chemical engineering applies chemistryto industrial processes, such as the
manufacture of drugs, cements, paints,lubricants, and the like.
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1.7 History: Civil Engineering
Civil engineering focuses on structuralissues, such as:
Bridges and Highways Skyscrapers
Industrial Plants and Power Plants
Shipping Facilities and Railroad Lines Pipelines, Gas Facilities, Canals
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1.7 History: Computer andElectrical Engineering
The worlds business is centeredaround computers, and their uses
are only increasing Electrical is the largest branch of
engineering
Involved in: Communication Systems
Computers and Automatic Controls
Power Generation and Transmission
Industrial Applications
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1.7 History: IndustrialEngineering
Industrial engineers design, install, andimprove systems that integrate people,
materials, and machines to improveefficiency.
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1.7 History: MechanicalEngineering
Deals with power, the generation ofpower, and the application of power to
a variety of machines, ranging fromHVAC to space vehicles.
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Bab 2
Engineering Majors
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2.1 Introduction
Several characteristics of students thatmight have an interest in engineering
are: Proficient skills in math and physical science
An urging from a high school counselor
Knows someone who is an engineer
Knows that engineering offers literally dozens, ifnot hundreds of job opportunities
Is aware that a degree in engineering is quitelucrative
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2.1 Engineers and Scientists
Scientists seek technical answers tounderstand natural phenomenon
Engineers study technical problems witha practical application always in mind
For example
Scientists study atomic structure tounderstand the nature of matter; engineersstudy atomic structure to make smaller andfaster microchips
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2.1 The Engineer and theEngineering Technologist
Main difference between the two is: Engineers design and manufacture
machines and systems, while engineeringtechnologists have the technical know-howto use and install the machines properly
An example:The technologist identifies the equipment
necessary to assemble a new CD player;the engineer designs said CD player
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2.1 What Do Engineers Do?
Ways to get information about careers:
Visit job fairs
Attend seminars on campus by variousemployers
Contact faculty with knowledge of
engineering fields Get an intern or co-op position
Enroll in an engineering elective course
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2.1 What Engineers Do
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Research
Research engineers are knowledgeablein principles of chemistry, biology,
physics, and mathematics Computer know-how is also
recommended
A Masters Degree is almost alwaysrequired, and a Ph. D is often stronglyrecommended
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Development
Development engineers bridge the gapbetween the laboratory and the
production facility They also identify problems in a
potential product
An example is the development ofconcept cars for companies like Fordand GM
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Testing
Testing engineers are responsible fortesting the durability and reliability of a
product, making sure that it performshow it is supposed to, every time. T.E.ssimulate instances and environments inwhich a product would be used
Crash testing of a vehicle to observeeffects of an air bag and crumple zoneare examples of a testing engineers
duties
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design
Design aspect is where largest numberof engineers are employed
Design engineers often work oncomponents of a product, providing allthe necessary specifics needed tosuccessfully manufacture the product
Design engineers regularly usecomputer design software as well ascomputer aided drafting software in
their jobs
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Design
Design engineers must also verify thatthe part meets reliability and safety
standards required for the productA concern always on the mind of design
engineers is how to keep the
development of a part cost effective,which is taken into account during adesign process
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Analysis
Analysis engineers use computationaltools and mathematic models to enrich
the work of design and researchengineers
Analysis engineers typically have a
mastery of: heat transfer, fluid flow,vibrations, dynamics, acoustics, andmany other system characteristics
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Systems
Responsible on a larger scale forbringing together components of parts
from design engineers to make acomplete product
Responsible for making sure all
components of a product work togetheras was intended by design engineers
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Manufacturing & Construction
Work individually or in teams
Responsible for molding raw materials
into finished product Maintain and keep records on
equipment in plant
Help with design process to keep costslow
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Operations & Maintenance
Responsible for maintaining productionline
Must have technical know-how to dealw/ problems
Responsible for inspecting facility and
equipment, must be certified in variousinspection methods
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Technical Support
Works between consumers andproducers
Not necessarily have in depthknowledge of technical aspects ofproduct
Must have good interpersonal skills
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Customer Support
Often have more of a technicalknowledge than Tech. Support, because
they must be able to work with basiccustomers
Evaluate whether or not a current
practice is cost effective via feedbackfrom customers
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Sales
Sales engineers have technicalbackground, but are also able to
communicate effectively w/ customers Job market for sales engineers is
growing, due to the fact that products
are becoming more and moretechnically complex
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2.2 Engineering Functions:Consulting
Are either self-employed, or work for afirm that does not directly manufacture
products Consulting engineers might be involved
in design, installation, and upkeep of a
product Sometimes required to be a registered
professional engineer in the state where
he/she works
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering
Previously known as aeronautical andastronautical engineering
First space flight Oct. 4, 1957 (SputnikI)
KEY WORDS: Aerodynamics: The study of the flow of air over
a streamlined surface or body.
Propulsion engineers: develop quieter, moreefficient, and cleaner burning engines.
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Aerospace Engineering
KEY WORDS:
Structural engineers: use of new alloys,
composites, and other new materials tomeet design requirements of newspacecraft
Control systems: systems used tooperate crafts
Orbital mechanics: calculation of whereto place satellites using GPS
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering
Concerned with finding ways to producefood more efficiently
KEY WORDS Harvesting Equip. - removes crops from
field, and begins processing of food
Structures: used to hold crops, feed, andlivestock; Agricultural engineers developand design the structures that hold crops
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Agricultural Engineering
Food process engineers: concernedwith making healthier processed food
products Soil/Water Resources: working to
develop efficient ways to use limited
resources
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Architectural Engineering
Structural: primarily concerned withthe integrity of the building structure.
Evaluates loads placed on buildings,and makes sure the building isstructurally sound
Mechanical systems: control climateof building, as well as humidity and airquality
(HVAC)
2 3 E i i M j
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Biomedical
First recognized in 1940s
Three basic categories: Bioengineering,Medical, and Clinical
Bioengineering is application of engineeringprinciples to biological systems
Medical engineers develop instrumentation
for medical uses Clinical engineers develop systems that help
serve the needs of hospitals and clinics
2 3 E i i M j
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2.3 Engineering Majors:Chemical
Emphasizes the use of chemistry andchemical processes in engineering
Chemical engineers develop processesto extract and refine crude oil and gasresources
Chemical engineers also develop circuitboards, and work in the pharmaceuticalindustry, where processes are designedto create new, affordable drugs
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2.3 Engineering MajorsCivil Engineering
First seen in pyramids of Egypt
Structural engineers most common type
of civil engineer Transportation engineers concerned
w/ design and construction ofhighways, railroads, and mass transitsystems
Surveyors start construction process bylocating property lines and property
areas
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2.3 Engineering MajorsComputer Engineering
Focuses primarily on computerhardware, not software
Work w/ electrical engineers to developfaster ways to transfer information, andto run the computer
Responsible for the architecture of thecomputer system
2 3 E i i M j
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2.3 Engineering MajorsElectrical Engineering
More engineers are electrical than anyother discipline
With an ever growing technologicalsociety, electrical engineers will
ALWAYS have a job
Work in communications,microelectronics, signal processing,bioengineering, etc
2 3 E i i M j
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2.3 Engineering MajorsEnvironmental Engineering
Often coupled with Civil Engineering
3 aspects of environmental engineering: Disposal: disposing of industrial/residential
waste products
Remediation: clean up of a contaminatedsite
Prevention: working with corporations toreduce and/or prevent emissions and workto find ways to recycle products to beused again to reduce waste
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2.3 Engineering MajorsIndustrial Engineering
Design, improvement, and installationof integrated systems of people,material, and energy
Emphasis placed on: Production,Manufacturing, Human Factors Area, andOperations Research
Production focuses on plant layout,scheduling, and quality control
Human Factors focuses on the efficientplacement of human resources within a
plant/facility
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMarine and Ocean Engineering
Concerned with the design, development, andoperation of ships and boats
Marine engineer designs and maintains thesystems that operate ships, I.e. propulsion,communication, steering and navigation
Ocean engineer design and operates marineequipment other than ships, such assubmersibles. O.E.s might also work onsubmarine pipelines and/or cables and drillingplatforms
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMaterials Engineering
Study the structure, as well as otherimportant properties of materials, I.e.
strength, hardness, and durability Run tests to ensure the quality of the
performance of the material
Material Engineers also studymetallurgy, and the development ofcomposites and alloys
2 3 E i i M j
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMechanical Engineering
Concerned with machines andmechanical devices
Work in design, development,production, control, and operation ofmachines/devices
Requires a strong math and physicsbackground. Often 4 or more mathclasses required for graduation
2 3 E i i M j
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2.3 Engineering MajorsMining Engineering
Work to maintain constant levels of rawminerals used every day in industrial
and commercial settings Must discover, remove, process, and
refine such minerals
2 3 Enginee ing Mine als
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2.3 Engineering MineralsNuclear Engineering
Most concerned with producing andharnessing energy from nuclear sources
Propulsion and electricity are the mainuses of nuclear power
Engineers also responsible for disposal
of the nuclear waste byproduct, andhow to keep people safe from harmfulnuclear products
2 3 Engineering Majors
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2.3 Engineering MajorsPetroleum Engineering
Discover, remove, refine, and transportcrude and refined oil around the world
PEs design and operate the machineryused to refine crude oil into its manyforms
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Bab 3
Profiles of Engineers
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3.1 Introduction
Diversity of the engineering work force
Wide range of engineering careers that
are possible
3 1 Profile of a Biomedical
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3.1 Profile of a BiomedicalEngineer
Sue H. Abreu, Ft. Bragg, North Carolina
Occupation: Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, United StatesArmy
Medical Director, Quality Assurance, WomackArmy Medical Center
Education: IDE (BSE, Biomedical Engineering), 1978 MD, Uniformed Services University of the Health
Sciences, 1982
3 1 Profile of an Aerospace
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3.1 Profile of an AerospaceEngineer
Patrick Rivera Anthony
Occupation:
Project Manager, Boeing Space Beach
Education:
BS, Aerospace Engineering
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3.1 Profile of a Civil Engineer
Sandra Begay-Campbell, Boulder,Colorado
Occupation:AISES Executive Director
Education:
BSCE, 1987; MS, Structural Engineering,1991
3 1 Profile of an Electrical
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3.1 Profile of an ElectricalEngineer
Ryan Maibach, Farmington, Michigan
Occupation:
Project Engineer at Barton Malow Company
Education:
BS-CEM (Construction Engineering and
Management), 1996
3 1 Profile of an Agricultural
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3.1 Profile of an AgriculturalEngineer
Mary E. Maley, Battle Creek, Michigan
Occupation:
Project Manager, Kellogg Company
Education:
BS, Agricultural Engineering (food
engineering)
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Bab 4
A Statistical Profile of the
Engineering Profession
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4.1 Statistical Overview
How many people study engineering?
What are the most common majors?
What kind of job market is there forengineers?
How much do engineers earn?
How many women and minorities studyengineering?
4 2 C ll E ll t T d
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4.2 College Enrollment Trends
of Engineering Students 1950s-1960s: 60,000-80,000
engineering students
1970s marked the lowest number ofstudents, at 43,000
Engineering peaked in 1980s, with
around 118,000 students
4 3 College Majors of Recent
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4.3 College Majors of RecentEngineering Students
Of approximately 350,000 full-timeundergrad engineering students, just
less than 1/3 (124,000) were majoringin computer and electrical engineering
Just over 32,000 were undecided
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4.4 Degrees in Engineering
Steady decline in Engineering degreesawarded between 1986 and 1995.Since then, there have been manyfluctuations, but as of data of 2000,there were 63,300 engineering degreesawarded
For a long time, electrical awarded thehighest number of degrees, but thatwas eventually replaced by mechanicalengineering
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4.5 Job Placement Trends
1999-2000 was the hottest year forengineering majors to find jobs
As the number of engineering studentsdeclines, employers must fight harderto get whatever students they can get
their hands on to fill vacant positions.This has led to a very promising jobplacement ratio
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4.6 Salaries of Engineers
On the whole, engineers make more moneythan any other graduate with another degree
Electrical, computer, and computer sciencerecently have led the way, with averagesalaries from a Bachelor degree starting ataround $52,000
A Ph.D. in computer science will earn astarting average of around $84,000
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4.7 Diversity in the Profession
For a long time, white males dominatedengineering
Recently, women, foreign nationals, andvarious minority students have enteredcolleges and universities with an
engineering diploma in mind
4 8 Distribution of Engineers
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4.8 Distribution of Engineersby Field of Study
Electrical engineering employs thehighest number of engineers, nearly
25%, numbering close to 375,000 Mechanical employs almost 250,000
Civil is the next highest populated,
with 200,000 workers
4 11 Words of Advice from
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4.11 Words of Advice fromEmployers
Looking for graduates who possess:
Excellent communication skills
Teamwork Leadership
Computer/Technical proficiency
Hard working attitude
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Bab 5
Global and International
Engineering
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5.1 Introduction
After WWII, engineering became amore global business.
Taking a few foreign language classesin college cannot hurt, but only helpyour chances at getting a job after
college.
5.2 The Evolving Global
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gMarket: Changing World Maps &
Alliances Breakup of former USSR
New laws, regulations, policies have
affected the spread of internationalengineering
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5.2 NAFTA
1994 North American Free TradeAgreement (US, Mexico, Canada)
Designed to reduce tariffs, and increaseinternational competition
Manufacturing trade has increased by
128% between Canada, US, and Mexicosince 1994
5 3 International Opportunities
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5.3 International OpportunitiesFor Engineers
Engineers are employed internationally in: Automobile Industry
Manufacturing
Construction
Pharmaceuticals
Food Industry
Petroleum and Chemical Industry Computer and Electronics Industry
Telecommunications
5 4 Preparing for a Global
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5.4 Preparing for a GlobalCareer
Students who look to workinternationally should:
Be language and culturally proficient Should participate in study abroad
programs
Look into work international workexperienceand Co-Op opportunities
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Bab 6
Future Challenges
6 1 Expanding World
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6.1 Expanding WorldPopulation
1900-2000, world population climbsfrom 1.6 billion to 6 billion people
Places new stress on conservation ofresources, and gives engineers newchallenges to compensate for high population
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6.2 Pollution
Engineers concerned with managementand the control of pollution, especially:
Air pollution Water pollution and the depletion of
freshwater resources
Management of solid waste
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6.3 Energy
It is predicted that energy usage in theDeveloping Countries will more than
double in the next 30 years Engineers must find new ways to
generate power in an effort to conserve
natural resources (fossil fuels)
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6.5 Infrastructure
With mass transportation an ever-present problem, engineers will be
responsible in the future for designingand maintaining a system by which thetransportation of raw materials, as wellas the human capital that process them,can easily and efficiently move fromplace to place
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Bab 7
Succeeding in the Classroom
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7.2 Attitude
Success in an engineering curriculumdepends largely on a students attitudeand work ethic
If the students attitude is one offailure, the student will most likely fail
Keep an open mind, and be willing towork with the professor in order tobest understand the material
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7.3 Goals
Set goals that will be difficult to attain,but not impossible
This will motivate the student to workhard, not just hard enough to do theminimum, but to reach their higherstandard/goal
Set short, intermediate, and long termgoals GPA for a semester, grade on an upcoming
exam, GPA for a year/college career
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7.4 Keys to effectiveness
GO TO CLASS
Allow 2 hrs. of study time outside of class forevery hour in class
Re-read sections of book covered in class
Keep up with class and reading
Take good notes
Work lots of problems, not just the minimumamount for homework
Study in groups
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7.5 Test Taking
Obtain past exams
Ask professor for practice exams
Work problems in book Start with problems you know how to
do, then work on the harder problems
Skim test first, to see what will basicallybe covered
7.6 Making the Most of Your
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7.6 Making the Most of YourProfessor
Dont wait until the end of the semesterto go for help
If you make yourself visible in class andduring office hours, the professor mayremember you while grading
Teaching is not professors only
responsibility, often the are researchersand advisors as well, so give them thebenefit of the doubt
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7.7 Learning Styles
Baca lagi STRATEGI SUKSES DI KAMPUS!
Each persons brain is unique to him or her
Proper nutrition, stress, drugs and alcohol aresome of the factors that can affect adeveloping brain
Each person is born with all the brain cells, or
neurons, they will ever have (estimated at180 billion neurons)
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7.7 Learning Styles
None of us is ever too old or too dumbto learn something new!
People think and memorize in severaldifferent ways
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7.7 Learning Styles
Memorizing:
Refers to how people assimilate new
material to existing knowledge andexperience
How we accommodate, or change ourprevious way of organizing material
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7.7 Learning Styles
Thinking:
Refers to how we see the world, approach
problems and use the different parts of ourbrain.
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7.7 Learning Styles
We all have different learning styles
Memory Languages:
AuditoryVisual
Kinesthetic
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7.7 Learning Styles
Auditory Learner: Buy a small tape recorder and record
lectures Sit where you can hear the professor well Focus on what is said in class, take notes
from the tape recorder laterAsk the professor questions Read out loud to yourself Keep visual distractions to a minimum
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7.7 Learning Styles
Visual Learner:
Sit where you can see the professor andboard or screen clearly
Write notes during lecture with lots ofpictures and meaningful doodles
Rewrite notes later in a more organizedfashion and highlight main ideas
Write out questions to ask the professor
Highlight and take notes in your book
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7.7 Learning Styles
Kinesthetic Learners:
TAKE Labs!
Make connections between what is beingsaid and what youve done in the past
Talk to professor about ways to gain morehands-on experience, such as volunteeringin his/her lab
Use models or experiments at home
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7.7 Learning Styles
Thinking Skills:
Refers to how we see the world, approach
problems and use the different parts of ourbrain
Different people think differently
Two hemispheres in our brain, and four
quadrants generally categorize how wethink
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7.7 Learning Styles
7.8 Well Rounded Equals
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qEffective
Make sure to balance social, intellectual,and physical activities in your schedule
Well rounded students are generallymore effective than students with a
one-track mind
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7.9 Your Effective Use of Time
Decide in advance what to study and when
Make schedules
Use calendars effectively
Organize tasks by priority level
Stay focused on task
**Remember, everyone will fail at some
point, its how you respond to a failure thatdetermines your future success or failure
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Bab 8
Problem Solving
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8.1 Introduction
Problem solving requires many toolsand skills. Make sure that you have
them, or at least know where to findthem and how to use them
8.2 Analytic and Creative
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Problem Solving
Two basic types of problem solvinginvolved in design process: creative
and analytic More students familiar with analytic,
where there is one right answer
Creative problem solving has no rightanswers
8.2 Analytic and Creative
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Problem Solving
Steps that typically help w/ problemsolving
Make a model/figure Identify necessary, desired and given info
Work backwards from answers
Restate problem in ones own words Check the solution and validate it
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8.3 Analytic Problem Solving
Six steps to analytic problem solving:
Define the problem and create a problem
statement Diagram and describe the problem
Apply theory and any known equations
Simplify assumptions
Solve necessary problems
Verify accuracy of answer to desired level
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8.4 Creative Problem Solving
Use divergence and convergence to gatherand analyze ideas. Divergence isbrainstorming. Convergence is analyzing andevaluating the ideas, seeking out the bestpossible solutions
What is wrong? What do we know?
What is the real problem? What is the best solution? How do we implement the solution?
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Bab 9
Visualization and Graphics
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9.1-9.2 Visualization
Visualization is often used as a mode ofcommunication between engineers
Sketches, tables, graphs, computergenerated drawings, blueprints arevarious ways in which engineers
communicate via visual mediums
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9.3 Sketching
Although most final drawings are computergenerated, initial and freehand sketches arevital to the design process
Freehand does not mean messy. Sketchesshould display an adequate amount of detail,and any pertinent notes/comments pertainingto the drawing For instance, if a line is supposed to be straight,
make it as straight as possible. A square will notpass for a circle.
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9.7 Graphical Communication
Oblique and isometric drawings are 3Dand general
Orthographic drawings are 2D, moredetailed, and often have dimensions forthe part
Object, Hidden, Centerline, andConstruction are 4 common types oflines used in engineering graphics
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Bab 10
Computer Tools
10.1-10.6 Computer Tools for
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Engineers
There are many aspects to the designprocess of a product
Engineers must be competent in basic
computer tools such as the internet, wordprocessing, and basic spreadsheets
Engineers will most likely be required to havesome knowledge of mathematical software,
such as MatLab Engineers also make computer presentations
using most commonly, Microsoft PowerPoint
10.7-10.8 Operating Systems
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and Programming Language
Engineers may be required to haveexperience or be expected to be able towork in UNIX, MS-DOS, or a Microsoft
Windows System Computers work on series of 1s and
0s, called binary code
FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and C++ are allprogramming languages used byengineers to communicate with thecomputer
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Bab 11
Teamwork Skills
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11.1 Teamwork
Corporations develop teams for manyreasons
Projects are becoming increasinglycomplex
Projects often span international borders,and require workers all over
Projects are requiring more speed, whichrequire more workers
11.2 What Makes a Successful
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Team?
A common goal
Leadership
Each member makes uniquecontributions
Effective communication
Creativity Good planning and use of resources
11.4 Team Leadership
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Structures
Traditional: One leader, who directssubordinates. Leader typically is theonly one who speaks.
Participative: Leader is closer toindividual workers.
Flat: There is no leader. All members
are equal. The leadership moves withthe situation to the worker with themost expertise in a given subject
h
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11.5 Decisions within a Team
Consensus: All team members agreeon a decision
Majority Rule Minority/Committee decision
Expert input
11 7 G di T Eff
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11.7 Grading a Team Effort
Did the team accomplish its goal?
Were results of a high quality? If not, why?
Did the team grow throughout the process? Evaluate the team leader
Evaluate the other members of the team
Evaluate your own contribution to the project
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Bab 12
Project Management
12 1 I t d ti
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12.1 Introduction
Failure to plan is planning to fail.
A good plan is one of the most
important attributes of successful teamsand projects.
Projects should be organized
systematically.
12.1 Eight Questions that canb Add d ith Pl
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be Addressed with a Plan
What to do first?
Next?
How many people? What resources?
How long?
Time table?
Deadlines?
Objectives?
12.2 Creating a ProjectCh t
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Charter
A project summary
Defining what your project is and whenyou will know when it is done
Elements include Deliverables
Duration
Stakeholders Team members
12 3 T k D fi iti
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12.3 Task Definitions
Identify the completion tasks to achievethe objectives and outcomes
Plan Design
Build
Deliver
12 3 Pl
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12.3 Plans
Plans should include:
Who to hold accountable for progress
Needed materials, resources, etc. How to determine if the project is on
schedule
Manage people and resources
Determine the end!
12 4 Mil t
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12.4 Milestones
Monitoring of your plans progress
Deadlines for deliverables
Completion of subcomponents
12 5 D fi i Ti
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12.5 Defining Times
Include the full time needed for tasks
As a student, you dont have a fulleight-hour work day every day Break tasks into week segments
Weekday and/or weekend
Class periods
Break tasks into short time periods No more than a week or two
12 6 O i i th T k
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12.6 Organizing the Tasks
Determine task relationships andsequencing
Relate the task groups from youroutline
12 7 PERT Ch t
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12.7 PERT Charts
12 7 PERT Cha ts
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12.7 PERT Charts
Each task is represented by a boxcontaining a brief description of and
duration for the task The boxes can be laid out just as the
project plan is laid out
Useful as a what if tool duringplanning stages
12 8 Critical Paths
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12.8 Critical Paths
The longest string of dependant projecttasks
Ex. prerequisites such as the mathcurriculum for engineering
Some tasks can be accelerated by usingmore people, others cannot
Ex. nine people cannot have the samebaby in one month
12 9 Gantt Charts
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12.9 Gantt Charts
Popular project management chartingmethod
Horizontal bar chart Tasks vs. dates
12 9 Gantt Charts
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12.9 Gantt Charts
12 10 Details Details
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12.10 Details, Details
Remember Murphys Law -Anythingthat can go wrong, will.
Leave time to fix debug or fix errors
12 10 Details Details
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12.10 Details, Details
Dont assume things will fit together thefirst time
Order parts well in advance to leavetime for shipping, errors, or backorders
Leave time for parts malfunction
Push delivery times back to a weekbefore theyre actually due this willhelp to avoid panic if things go badly
12 11 Personnel Distribution
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12.11 Personnel Distribution
Get the right people on the right tasks
Assign people after developing a draft
of the plan Balance the work between everyone
Weekly updates does everyone
understand what theyre doing and iseveryone still on task?
12 12 Money and Resources
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12.12 Money and Resources
Develop a budget Estimate with high, middle, and lower quality
products offer a range of solutions
Extra costs Shipping Travel Extra parts such as nails, screws, resistors Material costs and labor
Have someone be responsible for managingthe budgets and financial aspects
12 13 Document As You Go
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12.13 Document As You Go
Document milestones as they occur
Leave time at the end for reviewing, not
writing
12 14 Team Roles
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12.14 Team Roles
Roles
Project Leader or Monitor
Procurement Financial Officer
Liaison
Project Management Software
12.14 Project Leader orMonitor
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Monitor
Designate a leader, or rotate leaders
Monitor and track progress of
milestones Maintains timelines
Increases likelihood of meeting goals
12 14 Procurement
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12.14 Procurement
Learns purchasing system
Tracks team orders
12 14 Financial Officer
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12.14 Financial Officer
Manages teams expenses
Creates original budget
Makes identifying budgetary problemseasier
12 14 Liaison
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12.14 Liaison
Responsible for keeping everyoneinformed about the progress of the plan
and any changes This includes outside customers,
management, professors, etc.
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Bab 13
Engineering Design
13 1 Engineering Design
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13.1 Engineering Design
Engineering design is the process of devisinga system, component, or process to meetdesired needs. It is a decision makingprocess in which the basic sciences and
mathematics and engineering sciences areapplied to convert resources optimally tomeet a stated objective. Among thefundamental elements of the design process
are the establishment of objectives andcriteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, andtesting.
13 2 The Design Process
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13.2 The Design Process
1. Identify the problem
2. Define the working criteria/goals
3. Research and gather data
4. Brainstorm ideas5. Analyze potential solutions
6. Develop and test models
7. Make decision
8. Communicate decision9. Implement and commercialize decision
10. Perform post-implementation review
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Bab 14
Communication Skills
14.1 Why do weCommunicate?
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Communicate?
Transfers important information
Provides basis for judging ones knowledge
Conveys interest and competence
Identifies gaps in your own knowledge
14.2-14.3 Oral and WrittenCommunication Skills
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Communication Skills
Present communication on a level thatyou believe will be easily understood bywhomever is to be receiving yourcommunication
Dont use big words if a smaller, easier-to-understand word will suffice.
14 5 Power of Language
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14.5 Power of Language
Be as clear as possible
Avoid clichs
Avoid redundancyAvoid using jargon specific to a certain
group of people
Dont make sexual generalizations, I.e.his, hers, he, she
14 6 Technical Writing
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14.6 Technical Writing
Identify thesis early
Follows a specific format
Follows a problem solving approach Uses specialized vocabulary
Often incorporates visual aids
Complete set of references Be objective, not biased either way
14 9 Formal Reports
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14.9 Formal Reports
Should include: Title; short and
concise
Summary of whatwill be discussed
Table of Contents(not including
abstract) Introduction
Analysis
Procedure and
Results Discussion of results
Conclusions
References
Appendices
14.10 Other forms ofCommunication
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Communication
E-mail
Progress reports
Problem statements Cover letters
Resumes
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Bab 15
Ethics
15 The Nature of Ethics
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15. The Nature of Ethics
Ethics is generally concerned with rulesor guidelines for morals and/or sociallyapproved conduct
Ethical standards generally apply toconduct that can or does have asubstantial effect on peoples lives
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Bab 16
Units
16.1 History of Units
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16.1 History of Units
A common denomination of units is essentialfor the development of trade and economicsaround the world
National Bureau of Standards, established byCongress, adopted the English system ofmeasurement (12 inches, etc)
Majority of nations in the world today operateon the metric system because of its simplicity(multiples of 10)
16.1 History of Units - SI Units
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16.1 History of Units SI Units
Le Systeme International dUnites,French for the International System ofUnits
Improvements in the definitions of thebase units continue to be made by theGeneral Conference of Weights andMeasures as science dictates
16.2 The SI System of Units
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16.2 The SI System of Units
Modernized metric system adopted bythe General Conference, a multi-national organization which includes the
United States Built on a foundation of seven base
units, plus two supplementary ones
All other SI units are derived from thesenine units
16.2 The SI System of Units
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16.2 The SI System of Units
Multiples and sub-multiples areexpressed using a decimal system
Generally, the first letter of a symbol iscapitalized if the name of the symbol isderived from a persons name,otherwise it is lowercase
16.2 The SI System of Units
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16.2 The SI System of Units
Base Units in the SI system Meter = m
Kilogram = kg
Seconds = s
Ampere = A
Kelvin = K
Mole = mol Candela = cd
16.3 Derived Units
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16.3 Derived Units
Expressed algebraically in terms of baseand supplementary units
Several derived units have been givenspecial names and symbols, such as thenewton (N).
16.3 Derived Units
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16.3 Derived Units
Quantities whose units are expressed interms of base and supplementary units
Quantity SI Unit SI Symbol
Area Squaremeter
m2
Speed,
velocity
Meter per
second
m/s
Density Kilogram percubic meter
Kg/m3
16.3 Derived Units
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16.3 Derived Units
Quantities whose units have specialnames
Quantity SI Name SI Symbol Other SIUnits
Frequency hertz Hz cycle/s
Force newton N kg*m/s2
ElectricalResistance
ohm W V/A
16.3 Derived Units
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16.3 Derived Units
Units used with the SI System
Name Symbol Value in SI Units
Minute min 1 min = 60 s
Hour h 1 h = 3600 s
Degree 1 = p/180 rad
16.4 Prefixes
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6 e es
Defined for the SI system
Used instead of writing extremely large
or very small numbersAll items in a given context should use
the same prefix, for example in a table
Notation in powers of 10 is often usedin place of a prefix
16.4 Prefixes
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MultiplicationFactor
Prefix Symbol Term (USA)
1000000 = 106 mega M One million
1000 = 103 kilo k One thousand
.001 = 10-3 milli m One thousandth
.000001 = 10-6 micro m One millionth
16.5 Numerals
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A space is always left between the numeraland the unit name or symbol, except whenwe write a degree symbol 3 m = 3 meters; 8 ms = 8 milliseconds
SI units a space is used to separate groups ofthree in a long number 3,000,000 = 3 000 000 .000005 = .000 005
This is optional when there are four digits in anumber (3456 = 3 456; .3867 = .386 7)
16.5 Numerals
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A zero is used for numbers between -1and 1 to prevent a faint decimal pointfrom being missed
Rounding
Significant Digits
16.6 Conversions
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To convertfrom:
To: Multiply by:
Degrees Radians 0.017 453
Inches Centimeters 2.54
Newtons Pounds 0.224 81
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Bab 17
Mathematics Review
17.1 Algebra
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g
Three basic laws
Commutative: a + b = b + a
Distributive: a ( b + c ) = a b + a c
Associative: a + ( b + c ) = ( a + b ) + c
17.1 Algebra
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g
Exponents Used for many manipulations
Examples xa xb=xa+b
xab=(xa)b
Logarithms
Related to exponents bx = y then x = logby
Table 17.1.5
17.1 Algebra
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g
Quadratic Formula Solves ax2 + bx + c = 0 Formula 17.1.6
Binomial Theorem Used to expand (a+x)n
Formula 17.1.7
Partial Fractions Used for simplifying rational fractions Formulas 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.1.11
Examples
17.2 Trigonometry
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g y
Involves the ratios between sides of a right triangle sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and
cosecant are the primary functions Trigonometry identities are often used
17.2.3, 17.2.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6, 17.2.7 For all triangle we can also use the laws of sines and
cosines Some other equations that can be found in your book
are Pythagorean Theorem 17.2.10 Hyperbolic Trig Functions 17.2.11
Examples
17.3 Geometry
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y
Used to analyze a variety of shapes and lines
The equation for a straight line Ax + By + C = 0
This equation can also be written in Pint-slope, Slope-intercept, and Two-intercept forms
Distance between a line and a point is givenin Formula 17.3.5
The general equation of the second degree is
0222 22 FEyDxCyBxyAx
17.3 Geometry
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y
This equation is used to represent conicsections
Classified on page 473
Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola More information on pages 474-475
Examples
17.4 Complex Numbers
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p
Complex numbers consist of a real (x) and imaginary(y) part x+iy where i=
In electrical engineering j is used instead of i because i isused for current
Useful to express in polar form
Eulers equation is also commonly used
Other useful equations can be found on page 477
Examples
ireiyx
sincos iei
17.5 Linear Algebra
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Used to solve n linear equations for n unknowns Uses m x n matrices Many manipulations of this basic equation are shown on page
479
Determinants of matrices are often used incalculations Illustrated on page 480
Eigenvalues are used to solve first-order differentialequations
Examples
n
k
kjikij bac1
n
j
ijijij Aaa1
0)( xIA
17.6 Calculus
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We first write derivatives using limits
Some basic derivatives are shown onpages 484-485
Used to indicate points of inflection,maxima, and minima
LHospials rule when f(x)/g(x) is 0 or
infinity 17.6.6
17.6 Calculus
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Inversely we have integration Used for finding the area under a curve
Equation 17.6.7
Can be used to find the length of a curve Used to find volumes
Definite when there are limits
When indefinite a constant is added to thesolution
Basic Integrals on page 486
Examples
17.7 Probability and Statistics
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The probability of one events occurrenceeffects the probability of another event
Probabilities
Many combinations can occur P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B)
P(A and B)=P(A)P(B)
P(not A) = 1-P(A) P(either A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B)
)!(
)!1(),( rn
nrnP
)!(
!),( rn
nrnP )!(!
!),( rnr
nrnC
17.7 Probability and Statistics
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Probability ranges from 0 to 1
Additional equations on page 490Arithmetic Mean
Median
Mode
Standard Deviation
Variance Examples
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Bab 18
Engineering Fundamentals
18.1 Statics
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Concerned with equilibrium of bodiessubjected to force systems
The two entities that are of the mostinterest in statics are forces andmoments.
18.1 Statics
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Force:
The manifestation of the action of onebody upon another.
Arise from the direct action of two bodiesin contact with one another, or from the
action at a distance of one body upon
another. Represented by vectors
18.1 Statics
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Moment:
Can be thought of as a tendency to rotatethe body upon which it acts about a certain
axis.
Equilibrium:
The system of forces acting on a body is
one whose resultant is absolutely zero
18.1 Statics
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Free Body Diagrams(FBD): Neat sketch of the
body showing allforces and momentsacting on the body,together with allimportant linear andangular dimensions.
18.2 Dynamics
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Separated into two sections:
Kinematics Study of motion without reference to the forces
causing the motion
Kinetics Relates the forces on bodies to their resulting
motions
18.2 Dynamics
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Newtons laws of motion:
1st Law The Law of Inertia
2nd Law F=ma
3rd Law Fab=-Fba
Law of Gravitation
18.3 Thermodynamics
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Involves the storage, transformationand transfer of energy.
Stored as internal energy, kinetic energy,and potential energy
Transformed between these various forms
Transferred as work or heat transfer
18.3 Thermodynamics
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There are many definitions, laws, andother terms that are useful to knowwhen studying thermodynamics.
18.3 Thermodynamics
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A few useful definitions:
SystemA fixed quantity of matter
Control Volume (open system)A volume into which and/or from which a
substance flows
UniverseA system and its surrounding
18.3 Thermodynamics
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Some Laws of ideal gases: Boyles Law
Volume varies inversely with pressure
Charles LawVolume varies directly with temperature
Avagadros Law Equal volumes of different ideal gasses with the
same temperature and pressure contain anequal number of molecules
18.4 Electrical Circuits
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Interconnection of electricalcomponents for the purpose of:
Generating and distributing electricalpower
Converting electrical power to some otheruseful form
Processing information contained in anelectrical form
18.4 Electrical Circuits
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Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
Steady State Transient circuit
18.4 Electrical Circuits
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Quantity Symbol Unit
Charge Q coulomb
Current I ampere
Voltage V volt
Energy W joulePower P watt
18.4 Electrical Circuits
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Circuit Components:
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Sources of Electrical Energy
Voltage
Current
18.4 Electrical Circuits
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Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
Ohms Law
V=IR
18.4 Electrical Circuits
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Reference Voltage Polarity and CurrentDirection
Circuit Equations
Using Branch Currents
Using Mesh Currents
Circuit Simplification
DC Circuits
18.5 Economics
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Value and Interest
The value of a dollar given to you today isof greater value than that of a dollar given
to you one year from today
Cash Flow Diagrams
Cash Flow Patterns
Equivalence of Cash Flow Patterns
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Bab 19
The Campus Experience
19.1 Orienting Yourself toYour Campus
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Introduction to Campus Life
Tools to assist students to adjusting tothe college lifestyle
19.2 Exploring
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Begin by becoming familiar with somedifferent locations on campus
Offices
Dorms
Classroom Buildings Engineering Building
Sample map of Michigan StateUniversity Campus
19.3 Determining andplanning your Major
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Narrow down to a few different majors
Ask questions of insightful people
Look for any opportunity to learn moreabout each field
19.4 Get into the Habit ofAsking Questions
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Active questioners learn the most
Questions help students understandand complete tasks
Communication skills are vital toengineers
Understanding information given
Giving information that is understandable
19.5 The People Issue
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Meeting People Make friends of other engineers
Helpful as study partners
Offer perspective on engineering Academic Advisor
Advisors are an excellent resource Discuss problems
Information about the school, classes, and instructors Offer guidance for graduating and careers
19.5 The People Issue
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InstructorsAsk other students about an Instructor
before signing up for the class
Sit in on a class to see their teaching style Networking
Keep in contact with friends andacquaintances
Useful for assistance and support in andout of the classroom
19.6 Searching for CampusResources
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Every school has a document or website thatlists activities and opportunities
Examples Things to Do, Places to Go
Planetarium, Gardens, Museum, Union Whats Happening
Academic calendar, calendar of events
Library locations and hours Services
Legal aid, counseling, financial aid
Extracurricular Activities
19.7 Other Important Issues
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Managing Time
Control time to achieve success
Recommended Reading
The Usefulness of Reading
Engineering requires the extensive use oftechnical and non-technical materials Read each paragraph for its central point
Create outlines for each reading assignment
19.7 Other Important Issues
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Fulfilling Duties Engineers have a responsibility to society
Contributing to Society brings its own reward
Using the Web Use the internet to look up more information on
topics of interest outside the classroom
Sending e-mail Most contacts use email for some part of their
interaction
19.7 Other Important Issues
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Test-taking Skills Preparing outlines as subject matter is
presented will make studying easier
Form study groupsAsk questions
Taking Notes
Organize information Highlight essential information
19.7 Other Important Issues
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Study Skills Should be calm, structured, and routine Remember to get up and move a few times in an
hour
Reward yourself for studying Teaching Styles
Variety of Instructors including graduate students Fully engage professors and ask questions
Learning Styles Discover your Learning Style and use it to your
advantage
19.7 Other Important Issues
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Perspectives of others Learn to listen to others respectfully
Be open to discussion of a variety of topics
Listening Skills Dialogue does not need to be
confrontational
Allow others to express their opinions Listen carefully to what other people say
19.7 Other Important Issues
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Handling Stress Include time to relax in your schedule
Take classes for the right reason
Do not resent required classes Approach weak points with a positive attitude
Focus on learning instead of grades
Be patient for results of increased studying
Stress can not be avoided
Talking out problems can help
19.8 Final Thoughts
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Use the concepts from this Bab to makethe college experience all it can be.
Dont forget to ask questions!!!
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Bab 20
Financial Aid
20.1 Intro
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What costs are involved in going tocollege?
Tuition
Other college or university fees
Cost-of-living expenses
Other extras
20.2 Parental Assistance
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Some parents are able and willing tocover all of your college expenses
On average, nine million students mustfind ways to fund their collegeeducation every fall
20.3 Is Financial Assistancefor You?
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Applying for Financial Aid
Three areas: Grants and scholarships
Loans Work
Need vs. Non-need
Academic qualifications Why apply?
20.3 Is Financial Assistancefor You?
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Budgeting
Advisors available to assist with personalbudgeting
Help estimate costs and income anddevelop a plan
How to apply
Free Application for Federal Student Aid(FAFSA)
20.3 Is Financial Assistancefor You?
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FAFSA
http://www.fafsa.gov
First thing to complete to become eligible
for aid
Can apply as early as January for thefollowing fall semester
Look up the information required beforestarting to fill out the form
20.4 Scholarships
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Educational funds that do not need tobe repaid
Public, private, or university sources
Local high school, professional groups,corporations, service organizations,government, college, etc.
It is your responsibility to seek outprivate scholarships/grants
20.5 Loans
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May be secured from lending institutions andstate and federal loan programs
Students who apply for financial aid will be
notified of their eligibility for both student andparent federal loans
Loans can be obtained from parents orrelative who feel that you should repay themoney that is required to put you throughschool
20.6 Work-Study
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Earning money the old-fashioned way
On- or off-campus employment duringschool
Summer jobs
Internships
Co-ops
Requires careful management of time
20.6 Work-Study
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Work-Study: Employment subsidized by the federal or
state government
Will be listed on your financial aid awardletter is you are eligible
Just Plain Work
Volunteering
Full Semester Off-Campus Employment
20.6 Work-Study
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Cooperative Education
Academic program in which collegestudents are employed in positions directly
related to their major field of studyAlternating, Parallel, and Back-to-back
semesters
20.7 Scams to Beware
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Do your own homework to avoidscholarship service rip-offs
Check with the Federal TradeCommission (FTC)
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm
20.8 The Road Ahead Awaits
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htmhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htmhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htmhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/menu-jobs.htm -
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Examine the many different sourcesavailable to you for obtaining the fundsneeded for your college expenses
How much do you actually need?
Correct forms and deadlines
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Bab 21
Engineering Work Experience
21.1 A Job and Experience
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How do you get experience without a job, and how do you geta job without experience?
Graduate schools and employers look for experiences outsidethe classroom
Incorporating career experience is a worthwhile consideration May extend college to 6 years
Many Economic shifts have happened in a college studentslifetime 1980-1983: Major Recession 1983-1986: Revival of U.S. Economy 1988-1994: Restructuring of Corporate America
1994-2001: Vigorous Rebound of Economy 2001-2003: Recession 2004- : Signs of improvement in the labor market for engineers
21.1 A Job and Experience
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In good and bad times employers lookfor Engineers with job-relatedexperience
Engineers require less training
Faster results
Many different Experiences are
available
21.2 Summer Jobs
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Even jobs such as baby-sitting and mowinglawns is a place to start
All jobs help develop basic employable skills Provide stepping stone to better, more career
related jobs
Skills include teamwork, communication, andproblem solving
Help you discover what workingenvironments you like
21.3 Volunteer
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Especially useful to freshmen andsophomores to gain experience
Generally volunteer positions are with
non-profit organizations Not a paid experience
Useful in developing skills
Able to experiment with different careerrelated fields
21.4 Supervised IndependentStudy
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Designed for the advanced undergraduate Preparatory for grad school or a career in
Research
Some are paid and others award credit Provides a unique experience
Challenging in many different areas
To learn more Talk to professors that share similar interests
21.5 Internships
d d f d f
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Paid or unpaid experience for a set period of time Usually during the summer
No obligations for future employment
Sometimes they support other engineers
Other times they are given individual projects No official evaluation or credit given
Short term projects Obtain a description of these projects prior to employment
to assure it is of interest
Great for students with time, curriculum, and locationconstraints
21.6 Co-operative Education
C i Ed i i f h f d f f
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Cooperative Education is often the preferred form ofexperimental Learning
Co-ops are considered to be academic and areadministered by the college
Assignments are directly related to field of study Detailed job descriptions are used to create the best possible
matches
School and work are closely integrated Alternating terms of school with work at the same company
Projects become more extensive throughout the experience Term in school followed by a term at work followed by a term
at school and so on
21.6 Co-operative Education
P ll l i lt ti
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Parallel co-ops is an alternative Students are partially enrolled in classes and spend 20 to
25 hours at work Difficulties arise in allowing ample time for both areas
Sometimes a longer alternating approach is used Students work two consecutive semesters then attend
class for a semester or two Allows for longer projects
Some schools use all three methods Co-ops are rarely summer only
Break between work assignments is too long Requires a three or four semester commitment
21.6 Co-operative Education
Ad t f St d t
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Advantages for Students Consideration for employment and grad school
Improved technical skills
Helps determine career path
Excellent pay Advantages for Employers
Recruiting Co-op students is more cost efficient
Many students accept full time positions with their employer
More diverse and dedicated students
Students free up other engineers and bring in freshapproaches
21.6 Co-operative Education
Ad t f S h l
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Advantages for Schools Integrates theory and practice
Keeps faculty informed of trends in industry
Creates relationships between schools and businesses
Improves a schools reputation Other Benefits
Communication Skills
Networking
Self-discipline
Management Experience Interactions with a variety of people
21.7 Which is Best for You?
S Q ti t h l d t i hi h i
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Some Questions to help determine which isbest for you Am I willing to sacrifice convenience for the best
experience? How flexible can I be?
How committed do I want to be?
Seek out advice from professors, academic
advisors, and campus placement officers
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Bab 22
Connections: Liberal Arts andEngineering
22.1 What are Connections?
C ti i t b t i i
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Connections exist between engineeringand liberal arts Literature
History Music
Art
Social studies
Philosophy
22.1 What are Connections?
L k l l t h t i ll d
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Look closely at what engineers really are andwhat they really do
liberal comes from liberty, so that liberal
arts means works befitting a free man Need for a general education
Developed because people have a need for astrong, open mind in addition to a specialty in
order to be well-rounded Not trapped by cultural blind-spots
22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?
Lib l t h l i
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Liberal arts help improve yourbroadness
Look in many directions at once
Questions about areas that do not havepre-set answers
Expected to be a leader
22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?
Th A t I
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The Arts Improve:
Your Perspective See the big picture
Your Balance Practice dealing with a variety of diverse ideas
Your People Skills
Be aware of things that modern tendenciesavoid or neglect
22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts?
Th A t I
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The Arts Improve:
Your Sense of Duty and Responsibility Elevate, integrate, and unify the standards of
the profession Fulfill your duty in life, so society respects you
more
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Appendix A:
The Basics of Power Point
A.1 Introduction
The p pose of this section is to
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The purpose of this section is tointroduce a user to PowerPoint
Learn 20 key procedures
Be able to do 80% of everything you willever need to do
To learn more experiment with the
software
A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint
To begin open a blank presentation
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To begin open a blank presentation Activate the standard, formatting, drawing,
picture, and WordArt toolbars
Select a slide type for the first slide
Select a background
Enter text into given text blocks Edit the text and box sizes and shapes
Add additional text boxes selecting Insert-TextBox Insert WordArt as necessary
A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint
Insert any pictures
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Insert any pictures Click Insert-Picture-From File
Format the picture using the Picture toolbar
Insert Clip Art
Click Insert-Picture-Clip Art Picture Toolbar is used for formatting
Change visibility of an object by right clicking on anobject and then selecting Order from the menu
To Delete objects click on it and press backspace ordelete
A.2 The Basics of PowerPoint
To begin a new slide click the new slide button
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To begin a new slide click the new slide button Repeat from the beginning to format
View slides by thumbnails in the Slide Sorter View Useful for arranging or hiding slides for presentations
Can be used when copying or deleting whole slides Save your work when finished
Change slide transitions and animations
View the entire Show
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Appendix B:
Introduction to MATLAB
B.1 Introduction
MATRIX LABORATORY
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MATRIX LABORATORY
Powerful tool in performing engineeringcomputations
Many engineering curricula have moved tomaking MATLAB the primary computing toolin its undergraduate program
Can be run on many different platforms,including UNIX, PC, and Macintosh.
B.2 MATLAB Environment
Command window
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Command window Use to run your programs and see the results
Command History window
Shows a history of the commands that have beenentered into the command window
Launch Pad window Allows you to start applications and
demonstrations by clicking the icons in thewindow
B.2 MATLAB Environment
Demonstration Programs
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Demonstration Programs >>demo
Help Files >>help >>lookfor topic
>>helpwin
MATLAB is case sensitiveApple apple APPLE aPPle
B.2 MATLAB Environment
Helpful commands
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Helpful commands >>who
Allows the user to see the variables currently in
memory >>clear
Erase the memory
>>clear Clears just that variable
B.2 MATLAB Environment
MATLAB has some predefined functions that
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MATLAB has some predefined functions thatshould not be used to name variables
A few variable names to avoid:
ans Inf
NaN
i
j realmin
B.3 Symbolic Manipulations
To declare variables as a symbol
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To declare variables as a symbol >> syms x y
Algebraic expressions >>solve (x^2-4)
Symbolic derivatives >>diff (y^3)
Symbolic integrals >>int (sin(x))
B.4 Saving and Loading Files
To find out the identity of your working
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To find out the identity of your workingdirectory, typepwd(print workingdirectory)
Use cdto change the working directory >>cd c:\matlab\mystuff
The file can be saved using saveat the
MATLAB prompt
B.4 Saving and Loading Files
Use the command load followed by the
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Use the command loadfollowed by thefile name to retrieve your file.
>>load my_workspace
pathlists the directories that MATLAwill search for files
addpath will add the
location to the path listing
B.5 Vectors
A vector is simply a row or column of
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A vector is simply a row or column ofnumbers
Vectors are enclosed in square brackets
>>row_vector = [1 2 6 9 12]
>>col_vector = [2;4;6;8;10]
To change a column vector into a row
vector and vice versa, use transpose
B.5 Vectors
For vectors to be added and subtracted
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For vectors to be added and subtracted,they must be of the same type and size
To multiply or divide vectors, special
MATLAB symbols must be used.* is used for multiplication
./ is used for division
B.6 Matrices
A matrix is a group of numbers
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A matrix is a group of numbersarranged in columns and rows
Each element in a matrix is identified by
the use of two numbers or indices The first index is the row number
The second index is the column number
MATLAB can extract an entire row orcolumn, or specific elements
B.7 Simultaneous Equations
Put the equations to be solved into
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Put the equations to be solved intostandard form
To solve for matrix x from Ax=b
X=A\b
B.9 Plotting
To generate linear xy plots use plot
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To generate linear xy plots useplot >>plot(x axis values, y axis values,symbol or line type)
Use hold onto plot multiple data sets The axes can be labeled using the
commandsxlabel, ylabel, and title
To generate multiple pl