Download - Russian Revolution; Economic Background
The Russian Revolution1815-1924
Session IIIThe Industrial Revolution, Evolution of Capitalism
& Spread of Socialism, 1801-1914
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Major Topics
I.Economic Developments
Economic Theory
The Industrial Revolution
II.The Labor Movement:Trade Unions
III.A Philosophy for Labor: Karl Marx
IV. The Development of Socialism
The First International
Anarchism, Syndicalism, and Revisionism
The Second International
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Economic Developments
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Economic Developments
“Puffing Billy”1813
for Wylam Colliery nearNewcastle upon Tyne(not retired until 1862)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Review of Economics
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Review of Economics
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Walt Whitman Rostow1916-2003
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960
1. Traditional Societies
The Five Stages
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960
1. Traditional Societies
2. Pre-conditions to Take-off
The Five Stages
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960
1. Traditional Societies
2. Pre-conditions to Take-off
3. Take-off
The Five Stages
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960
1. Traditional Societies
2. Pre-conditions to Take-off
3. Take-off
4. Drive to Maturity
The Five Stages
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960
1. Traditional Societies
2. Pre-conditions to Take-off
3. Take-off
4. Drive to Maturity
5. Age of High Mass Consumption
The Five Stages
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Four Stages
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
domestic product
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Four Stages
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
domestic product
| traditional society |… to Peter’s reforms
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Four Stages
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
domestic product
| traditional society |… to Peter’s reforms
| pre-conditions to take-off |1700-1885
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Four Stages
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
domestic product
| traditional society |… to Peter’s reforms
| pre-conditions to take-off |1700-1885
| take-off|1885-1900
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Four Stages
0
12.5
25
37.5
50
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
domestic product
| traditional society |… to Peter’s reforms
| pre-conditions to take-off |1700-1885
| take-off|1885-1900
| drive tomaturity |1900-1980
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Economically--Two Europes
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Economically--Two Europes
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia and Britain, 1830-1890
0
7.5
15
22.5
30
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890
Russian GNP British GNP
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia and Britain, 1830-1890
0
7.5
15
22.5
30
1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890
Russian GNP British GNP
| the Long Depression |1873--------------------1896
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Panics and Boom Times
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Panics and Boom Times
• during the nineteenth century the global economy became more and more integrated
capitalism...is engaged perpetually in a process of creative destruction
… it uses up its old forms and creates new ones… inevitably
accompanied by a high degree of social hardship
Joseph Schumpeter
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Panics and Boom Times
• during the nineteenth century the global economy became more and more integrated
• the Americas and Eastern Europe were a source of raw materials, agricultural exports, markets and investment for Western Europe
capitalism...is engaged perpetually in a process of creative destruction
… it uses up its old forms and creates new ones… inevitably
accompanied by a high degree of social hardship
Joseph Schumpeter
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Panics and Boom Times
• during the nineteenth century the global economy became more and more integrated
• the Americas and Eastern Europe were a source of raw materials, agricultural exports, markets and investment for Western Europe
• during the period 1815-1896, in spite of panics, especially the “hungry ‘40s” and the “long depression, 1873-1896; the overall trend was up and living standards improved in the industrial world
capitalism...is engaged perpetually in a process of creative destruction
… it uses up its old forms and creates new ones… inevitably
accompanied by a high degree of social hardship
Joseph Schumpeter
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Industrial Revolution
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Industrial Revolution
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
A word about the term “industrial revolution.” Economic historians have rebelled at it. They emphasize the length of Britain’s experience. Any change over decades, or centuries, is better called an evolution.
However valid that is for Britain, those countries which followed had a much more rapid experience of the transition from agricultural to industrial society. And the pace shows no signs of abating. Hence Toffler’s term, Futureshock.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Rostow’s Stages 3-5; Britain vs Russia
Britain
Russia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Rostow’s Stages 3-5; Britain vs Russia
Britain
Russia
1783-1802 (19 years) 1885-1900 (15 years)Stage 3- Take-off
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Britain vs Russia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Britain vs RussiaPrivate Enterprise
Consumer & HeavyIndustry
18th & early 19th c.stextile mills
water power Arkwright’s “Water Frame” Hargreave’s “Spinning Jenny”
Crompton’s “Mulesteam & iron
Watt’s 1762 engine for pumpingout coal minesiron mills, “puddling”transportation, canals, ironbridges, railroads--”PuffingBilly” (1813-1862) Robert Fulton’s“Clermont” (1807)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Britain vs RussiaPrivate Enterprise
Consumer & HeavyIndustry
18th & early 19th c.stextile mills
water power Arkwright’s “Water Frame” Hargreave’s “Spinning Jenny”
Crompton’s “Mulesteam & iron
Watt’s 1762 engine for pumpingout coal minesiron mills, “puddling”transportation, canals, ironbridges, railroads--”PuffingBilly” (1813-1862) Robert Fulton’s“Clermont” (1807)
GovernmentInfrastructure
& Militaryearly & mid-19th c.
railroadsSkt-Peterburg-TsarskoeSelo (1836-37) to Moscow(1851)
steamshipsK.N. Bird’s “Elizabeth” (1815) Admiralty Shipyard,A.A. Schilder’s submarine(1834) Russia’s 1st all metalship
locomotivesN.I. Putilov “the Russian Krupp” 1870s, built cannonnext
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
government and industrialization: subsidies and tariffs
• List’s “National System” had brought to Prussia the Zollverein (tariff union) and the railway network which aided German unification
• Russia had always favored the state leading economic development and after 1870 all European states followed suit with state encouragement of development and commerce
• initially they tended to follow Britain’s policy of free trade
• during the long depression all but Britain, Belgium and Holland reverted to protectionism Friedrich List (1789-1866)
Prussian MinisterTuesday, September 29, 2009
The Early Economists
Adam Smith1723-1790
The Wealth of Nations, 1776
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Early Economists
Thomas Robert Malthus1766-1834
Essay on the Principle of Population,1798
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Early Economists
David Ricardo1772-1823
Principles of Political Economyand Taxation, 1817
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Early Socialists-Marx’s “Utopians”
Robert Owen1771-1858
Welsh industrialist’social reformer
New Lanark, 1800New Harmony, IN,
1826
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Early Socialists-Marx’s “Utopians”
Count de Saint-Simon1760-1825
technocracy, capitalists and scientists the new ruling class
only wrote, never tried
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Early Socialists-Marx’s “Utopians”
Charles Fourier1772-1837
communes ca"ed phalanxestried in France and America
in the 1830s & ‘40s
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution
The Krupp works,Essen, 1905
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Steel production--post 1850’s
Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) Sir William Siemens(1823-1883)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Ernst Werner vonSiemens(1816-1892)
founder of Siemens A. G.father of electrical engineering
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
communication--telegraphy, 1842
telegraph lines in 1891Tuesday, September 29, 2009
communication--telephony, 1870s
AlexanderBell’s
patent, 1876
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
communication--telephony, 1870s
Tivadar Puskas--”hallom! Boston, 1877Edison Co., London, 1879
AlexanderBell’s
patent, 1876
Swedish telephone, 1896
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Technical Education
Science room at the Technical School, Finsbury, London, 1884
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
communication--print technology
The Miehle P.P. & Mfg. Co., 1905Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Chemical industryBASF - Badische Analin und
Soda-Fabrik, 1865
Indigo production at BASF, 1890
• by 1900, Germany dominated the world market for synthetic dyes
• the three major firms, BASF, Bayer & Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes
• the five smaller, led by AGFA, concentrated on high quality specialty dyes
• in 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90% of the world supply and sold 80% of their production abroad
• the three majors began to expand into other areas such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, fertilizers, explosives and munitions
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The internal combustion engine
• 1860-a Belgian, Lenoir, produced the first gasoline internal combustion engine to be made in significant numbers
• 1876-Nikolaus Otto gave his name to the four stroke cycle, illustrated, right
• 1885-Karl Benz built his own four stroke engine used in the first automobiles in production
1.Intake2. Compression3. Combustion & Expansion4. Exhaust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
• survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts
In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce.
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
• survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts
• through trusts and cartels they aimed at:
In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce.
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
• survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts
• through trusts and cartels they aimed at:
• expanding their operationsIn 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce.
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
• survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts
• through trusts and cartels they aimed at:
• expanding their operations
• avoiding duplication of effortIn 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce.
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
• survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts
• through trusts and cartels they aimed at:
• expanding their operations
• avoiding duplication of effort
• lowering cost of production
In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce.
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
• survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts
• through trusts and cartels they aimed at:
• expanding their operations
• avoiding duplication of effort
• lowering cost of production
• dividing markets
In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce.
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels
• survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts
• through trusts and cartels they aimed at:
• expanding their operations
• avoiding duplication of effort
• lowering cost of production
• dividing markets
• avoiding price cutting competition
In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce.
The Match Trust
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Monopoly--Negative or Positive?
• trusts and cartels were unpopular because they were often exploitative and caused tragedy in individual cases
• thus they were the targets of socialist critics of capitalism
• but in the last decades of the 19th century they also played a positive role. They :
• made possible the introduction of new technology
• eliminated much inefficiency and duplication of effort
• contemporaries did not easily perceive these benefits
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Types of Capitalists
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Types of Capitalists
• industrial capitalists
• factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Types of Capitalists
• industrial capitalists
• factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings)
• comprador capitalists
• merchants: HEIC (the British East India Co.), how Bryant and Mays began, the Stroganov family
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Types of Capitalists
• industrial capitalists
• factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings)
• comprador capitalists
• merchants: HEIC (the British East India Co.), how Bryant and Mays began, the Stroganov family
• finance capitalists
• bankers, insurers, stockbrokers: the Rothchilds, Bleichröder, Lloyds, Barings
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Types of Capitalists
• industrial capitalists
• factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings)
• comprador capitalists
• merchants: HEIC (the British East India Co.), how Bryant and Mays began, the Stroganov family
• finance capitalists
• bankers, insurers, stockbrokers: the Rothchilds, Bleichröder, Lloyds, Barings
• rentier capitalists
• property owners who take no active part in managing their assets: absentee landowners, stock and bond holders--Marx’s “parasites
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Azovsko-Donskoy Bank• 1871-opened in Taganrog for
financing trade and granting loans
• mid 1880s-largest bank in Russia
• end of the 1890s-one of five largest national banks in the world
• 1903-moved to Skt Peterburg
• 73 branches
• 1917-controlled 90 companies
• 1909-1914--share value rose from 20 to 50 million roubles
Skt-Peterburg headquartersbuilt 1907-1909
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
European Bourses-Stock Exchanges
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
European Bourses-Stock Exchanges
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
European Bourses-Stock Exchanges
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
European Bourses-Stock Exchanges
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
European Bourses-Stock Exchanges
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Labor Movement:Trade Unions
Tolpuddle MartyrsDay, 2005
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
classic tensions
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
classic tensions
Direct Action vs political work(strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
classic tensions
Direct Action vs political work
Seeking piecemeal, moderate gains vs radical demands(strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
classic tensions
Direct Action vs political work
Seeking piecemeal, moderate gains vs radical demands(wages, hours, work rules)
(strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
classic tensions
Direct Action vs political work
Seeking piecemeal, moderate gains vs radical demands(wages, hours, work rules) (ultimately, revolution)
(strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Challenges
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Challenges
The “Peterloo Massacre”the Duke of Wellington sends in cavalry tobreak up a mass meeting at St Peter’s Field,
Manchester, 1819Tuesday, September 29, 2009
gradual legalization of unions
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
gradual legalization of unions• after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary
tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
gradual legalization of unions• after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary
tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819)
• 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
gradual legalization of unions• after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary
tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819)
• 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day
• 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
gradual legalization of unions• after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary
tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819)
• 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day
• 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response.
• reforms spread slowly across Europe from west to east
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
gradual legalization of unions• after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary
tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819)
• 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day
• 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response.
• reforms spread slowly across Europe from west to east
• by the last quarter of the 19th century unions were legal everywhere but often crippled by laws restricting their most effective tactics
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
gradual legalization of unions• after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary
tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819)
• 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day
• 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response.
• reforms spread slowly across Europe from west to east
• by the last quarter of the 19th century unions were legal everywhere but often crippled by laws restricting their most effective tactics
• in Alexander III’s Russia the police infiltrated the unions as with the case of Father Gapon in 1905
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tolpuddle, Then & Now
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tolpuddle, Then & Now
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tolpuddle, Then & Now
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tolpuddle, Then & Now
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades
their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death benefits
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades
their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death benefits
they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades
their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death benefits
they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike
in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred:
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades
their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death benefits
they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike
in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred:
1886--Charleroi, Belgium; glass workers and miners battled police
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades
their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death benefits
they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike
in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred:
1886--Charleroi, Belgium; glass workers and miners battled police
1889--London; dock workers won significant gains with disciplined tactics
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
unions increase in size and militancy
originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades
their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death benefits
they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike
in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred:
1886--Charleroi, Belgium; glass workers and miners battled police
1889--London; dock workers won significant gains with disciplined tactics
1896--Hamburg; harbor workers failed to match their British counterparts’ success due to employers’ associations resistance
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions and Political Parties
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
• as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
• as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest
the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
• as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest
the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party
not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
• as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest
the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party
not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD
often there were rival parties reflecting different ideologies
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
• as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest
the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party
not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD
often there were rival parties reflecting different ideologies
in France, for example, there was a movement called Syndicalism which was militant (origin of the term: sabotage)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
• as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest
the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party
not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD
often there were rival parties reflecting different ideologies
in France, for example, there was a movement called Syndicalism which was militant (origin of the term: sabotage)
other parties called themselves Christian Socialist
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Unions form political parties
• as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest
the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party
not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD
often there were rival parties reflecting different ideologies
in France, for example, there was a movement called Syndicalism which was militant (origin of the term: sabotage)
other parties called themselves Christian Socialist
all aimed at improving the status of the working class
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
A Philosophy for Labor:Karl Marx
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
A Philosophy for Labor:Karl Marx
1818-1883
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
[Marx’s] prominence among socialists was largely the result of the increasing respect felt for The Communist Manifesto. As Harold Laski once wrote, this was … seen to be the first document of its kind to give a direction and a philosophy to what had before been little more than an inchoate protest against injustice;… it can be said to have created the modern socialist movement, which until now had been run by self-educated cranks.
Craig, pp. 272-73Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx, the Man
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the early years, 1818-1843
Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the early years, 1818-1843born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children
Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the early years, 1818-1843born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children
1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law
Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the early years, 1818-1843born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children
1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law
Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis
Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the early years, 1818-1843born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children
1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law
Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis
he changed from law to philosophy while at several universities, arrested for disorderly conduct, disciple of Bruno Bauer
Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the early years, 1818-1843born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children
1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law
Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis
he changed from law to philosophy while at several universities, arrested for disorderly conduct, disciple of Bruno Bauer
“mail order PhD” from University of Jena
Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the early years, 1818-1843born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children
1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law
Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis
he changed from law to philosophy while at several universities, arrested for disorderly conduct, disciple of Bruno Bauer
“mail order PhD” from University of Jena
editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne, 1841-43, until censors drove him to emigrate
Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
marriage1837, against the wishes of Marx’s parents, Karl (19) and Jenny (23) became engaged
Jenny’s grandfather had been Chief of Staff for Frederick the Great
her half brother would be Prussian Minister of the Interior in the 1850s
1843, Jenny and Karl eloped to Paris and despite many crushing hardships maintained a lifelong devoted marriage
Jenny von Westphalen, (1814-1881)picture, 1840
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
political refugee, 1843-50
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
political refugee, 1843-50he met his lifelong collaborator, Engels, in Paris, 1844
both were political radicals who often fled from the police during the 1840s
together they wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 at the outbreak of the revolutions
he returned to Germany with hope for the revolution there
Engels often aided Marx financially from his income from the family textile mills in Manchester
Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the famouscollaboration
begins
their first joint work,a pamphlet,
“The Holy Family”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
against the “Young Hegelians”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
against the “Young Hegelians”
The holy family
or
Critiqueof the
Critical Criticism
____________Against Bruno Bauer & Consorts
_____________
by
Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx_____________________________
Frankfurt on the Main RiverLiterary Institute
1845
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Unholy Family
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Unholy Family
Helena Delmuth
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London
in happier timesLaura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny
Friedrich, Karl (1860)Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London
the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances
in happier timesLaura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny
Friedrich, Karl (1860)Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London
the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances
two children were stillborn
in happier timesLaura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny
Friedrich, Karl (1860)Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London
the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances
two children were stillborn
son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms
in happier timesLaura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny
Friedrich, Karl (1860)Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London
the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances
two children were stillborn
son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms
Engels lent the money to bury him
in happier timesLaura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny
Friedrich, Karl (1860)Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London
the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances
two children were stillborn
son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms
Engels lent the money to bury him
Karl sat in the reading room of the British Museum researching Capital (vol. 1, 1867)
in happier timesLaura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny
Friedrich, Karl (1860)Tuesday, September 29, 2009
family and later life
after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London
the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances
two children were stillborn
son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms
Engels lent the money to bury him
Karl sat in the reading room of the British Museum researching Capital (vol. 1, 1867)
1883, he died, two years after his wifein happier times
Laura, Eleanor, daughter JennyFriedrich, Karl (1860)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
1871-Great Hopes for the Paris Commune
• following the French defeat, Paris radicals rebelled against the bourgeois national government
• they declared a workers commune and executed hostages
• Marx and Engels hoped this marked the beginning of the World Revolution
• 1871-Marx writes The Civil War in France
• the memory of the bloody repression fired class hatreds
Commune prisoners being marched to Versaillesfrom a contemporary illustrated magazine
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“The Young Marx”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“The Young Marx”
A 20th century,post-Stalinist,
“new look”at Marx
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“Re-branding” a failed ideology
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“Re-branding” a failed ideology
• the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“Re-branding” a failed ideology
• the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem
• Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“Re-branding” a failed ideology
• the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem
• Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba
• Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“Re-branding” a failed ideology
• the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem
• Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba
• Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation
• radical students and their Marxist professors blamed Lenin and the Russian tradition of authoritarian government for Stalinism, a distortion of Marxism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“Re-branding” a failed ideology
• the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem
• Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba
• Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation
• radical students and their Marxist professors blamed Lenin and the Russian tradition of authoritarian government for Stalinism, a distortion of Marxism
• it was necessary to go back to the early writings, the “Young Marx,”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“Re-branding” a failed ideology
• the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem
• Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba
• Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation
• radical students and their Marxist professors blamed Lenin and the Russian tradition of authoritarian government for Stalinism, a distortion of Marxism
• it was necessary to go back to the early writings, the “Young Marx,”
• this was true Marxism which, if followed, really would bring about “the workers’ paradise”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Ideas of the “Young Marx”
• his admirers believe they are more humanistic and “communitarian”
• his principal influence at this time was Ludwig Feuerbach, atheist and materialist
• early writings include:• Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
• The German Ideology (both published posthumously)
• The Holy Family (1845)
• Eleven Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
• The Poverty of Philosophy (1847)
• The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)• Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after
the coup of 2 December 1851
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)• Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after
the coup of 2 December 1851
• the stated intention: “to demonstrate how the class stru%le in France created circumstances … that made it possible for a grotesque mediocrity to play a hero’s part.”--Marx
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)• Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after
the coup of 2 December 1851
• the stated intention: “to demonstrate how the class stru%le in France created circumstances … that made it possible for a grotesque mediocrity to play a hero’s part.”--Marx
•“Hegel remarks somewhere that a" great world- historic facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce.”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852)• Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after
the coup of 2 December 1851
• the stated intention: “to demonstrate how the class stru%le in France created circumstances … that made it possible for a grotesque mediocrity to play a hero’s part.”--Marx
•“Hegel remarks somewhere that a" great world- historic facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce.”
•“Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted 'om the past.”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marxism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marxism
RSFSR=Russian Soviet Federated Socialist
Republic
WORKERS OF EVERY LAND UNITEHAIL THE INTERNATIONAL WORKERS ARMY
ONLY BY SEIZING THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION BY THE RED ARMY
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Materialistic Interpretation of History
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“We found Hegel standing on his head…”
• the materialistic interpretation of history reverses Hegelian idealist philosophy
• for Hegel’s dialectic of ideas, Marx substitutes dialectical materialism
• ideas don’t give birth to material reality, physical reality gives birth to ideas
• change, i.e., history advances through “the negation (Aufhebung) of the negation”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Dialectics
• the term originated with the Greek
philosopher Zeno of Elea, ca. 490 B.C.
• it is a form of argumentation
• Hegelian dialectics describes how ideas
change through conflict leading to
synthesis
• Marx’s dialectical materialism describes
how opposing classes struggle and create
historic change as new classes emerge
Thesis<¬>Antithesisyields
Synthesis
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Class Struggle
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Class StruggleThe history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. (page 1, first sentence after prologue)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Class StruggleThe history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. (page 1, first sentence after prologue)
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Class StruggleThe history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. (page 1, first sentence after prologue)
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes
The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It ... has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous “cash payment” ... for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation ... Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Four Epochs
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Four Epochs• PRE-CLASSICAL
• THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans
• ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen
• TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Four Epochs• PRE-CLASSICAL
• THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans
• ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen
• TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms
• SYNTHESIS = CLASSICAL
• priests and patricians
• plebeans
• fall of the Roman Empire (fifth century)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Four Epochs• PRE-CLASSICAL
• THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans
• ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen
• TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms
• SYNTHESIS = CLASSICAL
• priests and patricians
• plebeans
• fall of the Roman Empire (fifth century)
• FEUDAL
• clergy and lords
• peasantry
• Commercial, Industrial & Democratic Revolutions (16th-18th c)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Four Epochs• PRE-CLASSICAL
• THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans
• ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen
• TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms
• SYNTHESIS = CLASSICAL
• priests and patricians
• plebeans
• fall of the Roman Empire (fifth century)
• FEUDAL
• clergy and lords
• peasantry
• Commercial, Industrial & Democratic Revolutions (16th-18th c)
• CAPITALIST
• bourgeoisie
• proletariat
• World Revolution (1917-?)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
“The bourgeoisie are preparing their own gravediggers”Marx & Engels, The Communist Manifesto
• as industrialization spreads and replaces the agrarian economy, the “panics” will become deeper and longer
• more small shopkeepers, farmers and artisans will be ruined and forced into the ranks of the proletariat
• businesses become bigger and fewer
• as the “immiseration of the working class” becomes greater, so will their numbers
• the bourgeoisie richer, but fewer
• finally, a tipping point is reached and the World Revolution breaks out, beginning in the most advanced industrialized states, Germany, Belgium, Britain
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx’s Critique of the Gotha Program, 1875
• 1891--not published until long after Marx’s death in 1883
• he criticised the SPD agenda at the Gotha Congress as not revolutionary enough
• it is his only statement on the future:
I.World Revolution
II.“dictatorship of the proletariat”
III.“the state shall wither away”
IV.communismMarx and Lasalle
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marxism Comes to Russia
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marxism Comes to Russia
Georgi ValentinovichPlekhanov
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Kazan Cathedral, Skt-Peterburgfrom a 19th century postcard
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Political DemonstrationDecember 6, 1876
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Political DemonstrationDecember 6, 1876
• organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Political DemonstrationDecember 6, 1876
• organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations
• some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Political DemonstrationDecember 6, 1876
• organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations
• some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian
• Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Political DemonstrationDecember 6, 1876
• organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations
• some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian
• Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile
• a worker, Ia. Potapov, waived the red flag. The demonstrators offered resistance to the police.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Political DemonstrationDecember 6, 1876
• organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations
• some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian
• Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile
• a worker, Ia. Potapov, waived the red flag. The demonstrators offered resistance to the police.
• 31 arrests; 5 sentenced to katorga 10-15 years, 10 to Siberian exile, 3 including Potapov to 5 years incarceration in a monastery
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russia’s First Political DemonstrationDecember 6, 1876
• organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations
• some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian
• Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile
• a worker, Ia. Potapov, waived the red flag. The demonstrators offered resistance to the police.
• 31 arrests; 5 sentenced to katorga 10-15 years, 10 to Siberian exile, 3 including Potapov to 5 years incarceration in a monastery
• it was at this demonstration that Vera Figner became radicalized
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Father of Russian Marxism• switched from a military college to a mining
institute. dropped after two years
• Narodnik who continued to believe with them in mass movements rather than small revolutionary terrorist groups
• 1880-after 2 arrests fled to Switzerland never to return until 1917
• 1883-with Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod founded the Emancipation of Labor group, Russia’s first Marxists
• 1885-developed the constitution for the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
• his most famous early follower was V.I. LeninGeorgi V. Plekhanov
1856-1918
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
• created to oppose narodnichestvo, the revolutionary populism of the narodniki
• based on Marxism, the party ignored Russia’s agrarian economy and based its faith on the role of Russia’s then small industrial proletariat
• illegal throughout its early years, all nine delegates to the first congress were arrested by the imperial police
• the second congress in Brussels/London would become famous for the Bolshevik/Menshevik split
• members thereafter would describe their party allegiance as the RSDLP (B) or RSDLP (M)
Minutes of the Second Congressof the RSDLP
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Development of Socialism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Development of Socialism
Socialist band marching throughHyde Park, 1896
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The First Workingman’s International,1864-1876
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The First Workingman’s International,1864-1876
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
International Workingmen’s Association (1864-1876)• Marx gave the inaugural address and
statement of principles in London
• subsequent congresses were held in :
• Geneva(1866)--the 8 hour day becomes a fundamental demand
• Lausanne (1867)--Proudonhists vs Blanquists
• Brussels (1868)--Marx gains supporters
• the Hague/New York(1872--showdown with the Anarchists
• Philadelphia (1876)--disagreements led to disbandment
• prominent but not dominant, Marx had to vie with Mikhail Bakunin
• both agreed on the need for a revolutionary elite, but on little else
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Internationale
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Internationale• June,1871-the original lyrics were composed by Eugene Pottier, a
survivor of the Paris Commune
• he intended them to be sung to the tune of the Marse"aise
• Its original French refrain is C'est la lutte finale/ Groupons-nous et demain/ L'Internationale/ Sera le genre humain. (Freely translated: "This is the final struggle/ Let us group together and tomorrow/ The Internationale/ Will be the human race.")
• 1888-the current melody was composed by Pierre De Geyter, in time for it to become the anthem of the Second International
• the anarchists also claimed it
• it is sung with the right fist clenched and raised, a salute of the Left which predates the Fascists’ and Nazis’
• 1902-Arkady Kots translated to Russian in time for the Revolution of 1905
• C'est la lutte finale/ Groupons-nous et demain/ L'Internationale/ Sera le genre humain
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Bakunin addressing a meeting of the IWA in Basel, 1869
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972
a page from 10th grade text,Novaya Historia (Modern History)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972
• Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa
a page from 10th grade text,Novaya Historia (Modern History)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972
• Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa
• I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the final year)
a page from 10th grade text,Novaya Historia (Modern History)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972
• Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa
• I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the final year)
• this textbook was the same, nationwide
a page from 10th grade text,Novaya Historia (Modern History)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972
• Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa
• I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the final year)
• this textbook was the same, nationwide
• by high school all history and political science instruction was in Russian regardless of the local language
a page from 10th grade text,Novaya Historia (Modern History)
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972
• Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa
• I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the final year)
• this textbook was the same, nationwide
• by high school all history and political science instruction was in Russian regardless of the local language
• the level, if not the veracity, of the historical material being presented was much more demanding than what we were presenting in America a page from 10th grade text,
Novaya Historia (Modern History)Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Anarchism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Anarchism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (1814-1876)• noble birth, a junior officer in the army,
resigned his commission in 1835
• studied philosophy in Moscow, influenced by Westernizers, especially Alexander Herzen
• 1842-left for Dresden, then Paris where he met George Sand, Proudhon, and Marx
• deported from France for criticizing Russia’s oppression of Poland
• 1849-arrested in Dresden for his participation in the Czech revolution of 1848, handed over to Russia, imprisoned
• 1857-sent to a Siberian labor camp, katorga
• 1861-escaped to western Europethe young BakuninTuesday, September 29, 2009
Anarchism in the late 19th century
the first self-proclaimed anarchist was Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865). It was his Philosophy of Poverty that Marx ridiculed in 1847.
but the great leader of the anarchists now was Mikhail Bakunin
his group called themselves Mutualists and approved of “propaganda of the deed,” terrrorism
they believed such acts by hard core revolutionaries would inspire the masses of proletarians to seize “the means of production”
they applauded the assassination of Alexander II and encouraged similar acts against rulers and industrialists
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx versus Bakunin
each detested the other personally
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx versus Bakunin
each detested the other personally
Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx versus Bakunin
each detested the other personally
Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism
he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx versus Bakunin
each detested the other personally
Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism
he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands
he believed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be as oppressive as the bourgeois order and that the state would never “wither away”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx versus Bakunin
each detested the other personally
Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism
he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands
he believed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be as oppressive as the bourgeois order and that the state would never “wither away”
Marx was contemptuous of the lack of system and general “wooliness” of the anarchists’ declarations
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Marx versus Bakunin
each detested the other personally
Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism
he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands
he believed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be as oppressive as the bourgeois order and that the state would never “wither away”
Marx was contemptuous of the lack of system and general “wooliness” of the anarchists’ declarations
he had a genuine horror of the ill-prepared acts of individual terrorism that the anarchists admired
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Anarchism after the First International1873, expulsion from the First International, engineered by Marx:
the International, weakened by the conflict, broke up in 1876
the anarchist philosophy continued to attract individuals
French socialists, dissatisfied with caution after 1871, were attracted to “propaganda of the deed” to avenge the bloody suppression of the Paris Commune
Italy and Spain, where rural classes were the most depressed and backward in western Europe, were especially open to the creed
German-American anarchist, Johann Most, “Dynamost,” inspired Emma Goldman and her lover, Alexander Berkman, to gain fame during the Homestead Strike, 1892
a series of heads of state were assassinated by anarchists, including McKinley, 1901
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Syndicalism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Syndicalism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Georges Sorel (1847-1922) • French Syndicalist founder
bourgeois, engineer graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique, director of public works
1892, retiring to write, favored Bakunin’s anarcho-collectivism over Marxism
believed that force and “direct action” e.g., the strike, boycotts and sabotage, were necessary for change to occur
anti-nationalist, anti-capitalist, he admired Charles Maurras, Action Française, Lenin and Mussolini for attacking bourgeois democracy
most famous for Reflections on Violence, 1908
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Revisionism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Revisionism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Despite the anarcho-syndicalist preference for direct action as opposed to political maneuver, the main tendency in European socialism was political, and, by the 1890s, Socialist parties had been organized in most countries, were vying for popular support in national and local elections, and...were having considerable success. Most of these parties were Marxist….[This] did not mean that the parties … were … united and harmonious, for they often developed splinter groups…[E]ven before Engels’s death in 1895 a profound division was looming ….
Craig, p.283Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the revisionist controversy
for some time leading socialist and trade union leaders had been uneasy
there was a gap between Marx’s predictions and the realities of European economic development
“Peasants do not sink; Burgertum (the bourgeoisie) does not disappear; crises do not grow ever longer; misery and serfdom do not increase.”-- Eduard Bernstein
the co"apse of the capitalist system was not imminent
the Socialist parties must change their tactics if not their goals
“… rescue socialism 'om the barricades”--G.B. Shaw
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
born in Berlin to Jewish parents
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
born in Berlin to Jewish parents
began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
born in Berlin to Jewish parents
began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872
1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
born in Berlin to Jewish parents
began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872
1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD
1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; first to Switzerland, then Britain
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
born in Berlin to Jewish parents
began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872
1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD
1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; first to Switzerland, then Britain
in London he was close to Engels
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
born in Berlin to Jewish parents
began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872
1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD
1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; first to Switzerland, then Britain
in London he was close to Engels
1880-1890, edited the magazine Sozialdemokrat
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician,SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism
born in Berlin to Jewish parents
began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872
1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD
1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; first to Switzerland, then Britain
in London he was close to Engels
1880-1890, edited the magazine Sozialdemokrat
1896-1899, published a series of articles and books which led to the revisionism debate in the SPD
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the appeal of revisionism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the appeal of revisionism
revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the appeal of revisionism
revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics
the trade-union wing of the socialist movement had long resented the hard-liners’ stance against “bread and butter” gains desired by the rank and file members
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the appeal of revisionism
revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics
the trade-union wing of the socialist movement had long resented the hard-liners’ stance against “bread and butter” gains desired by the rank and file members
party doctrinaires opposed gradualism because it would weaken revolutionary fervor or“dull the edge of the class struggle”
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
the appeal of revisionism
revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics
the trade-union wing of the socialist movement had long resented the hard-liners’ stance against “bread and butter” gains desired by the rank and file members
party doctrinaires opposed gradualism because it would weaken revolutionary fervor or“dull the edge of the class struggle”
the rising level of real wages and the general prosperity of Europe in the years before 1914 added to the force of Bernstein’s message
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924
Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality”
Tsarist Police Picture, 1895
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924
Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality”
in the 1902 pamphlet, echoing Chernyshevsky’s title, “What Is to Be Done?” (Что Делать?), he eschewed politics, gradualism and logrolling
Tsarist Police Picture, 1895
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924
Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality”
in the 1902 pamphlet, echoing Chernyshevsky’s title, “What Is to Be Done?” (Что Делать?), he eschewed politics, gradualism and logrolling
Socialist parties must become disciplined elites of professional revolutionaries
Tsarist Police Picture, 1895
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924
Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality”
in the 1902 pamphlet, echoing Chernyshevsky’s title, “What Is to Be Done?” (Что Делать?), he eschewed politics, gradualism and logrolling
Socialist parties must become disciplined elites of professional revolutionaries
give workers not what they want but what they should want
Tsarist Police Picture, 1895
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Second International,1889-1917
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The Second International,1889-1917
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
14 July 1889-1917
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
14 July 1889-1917
revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
14 July 1889-1917
revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries
proclaimed 1 May as an international working-class holiday and 8 March as International Women’s Day
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
14 July 1889-1917
revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries
proclaimed 1 May as an international working-class holiday and 8 March as International Women’s Day
famous delegates include: August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, the Liebknechts (father and son), Rosa Luxembourg, Clara Zetkin, Jean Jaures, V. I. Lenin, G. Plekhanov, Victor Adler, James Connolly
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
14 July 1889-1917
revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries
proclaimed 1 May as an international working-class holiday and 8 March as International Women’s Day
famous delegates include: August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, the Liebknechts (father and son), Rosa Luxembourg, Clara Zetkin, Jean Jaures, V. I. Lenin, G. Plekhanov, Victor Adler, James Connolly
the Second International essentially was a casualty of the war because in spite of pacifist talk, only a minority of socialist delegates voted against the conflict
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
French Socialist Anti-militarism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
French Socialist Anti-militarism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
French Socialist Anti-militarism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
French Socialist Anti-militarism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
French Socialist Anti-militarism
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
The International had no common policy with respect to means of preventing conflict if it should actually materialize; and when the great crisis of 1914 came, although the International Socialist Bureau sought to coordinate the tactics to be followed by the national parties, its efforts were defeated by the forces of patriotism, which proved as seductive to the socialists as to the bourgeoisie. The [Second]international did not survive the war that followed.
Craig, p. 285
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009