Download - S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
1/17
S1 L4 Evaluation of plant drugs
1. Botanical
B. Microscopy
Cell inclusions
Anna Drew
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
2/17
Cell inclusions
Parenchyma cells Contain characteristic contents of living protoplasts
Eg nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuoles, plastids,
mitochondria
Not diagnostically useful
Non-protoplasmic components Classified as ergastic substances
Starch
Protein
Oil
Crystals
Very useful for identification
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
3/17
1. CALCIUM OXALATE
Crystals may be reserve or waste products ofcellular activity
Oxalate ions removed in making crystals
Dont know why they arise (could be pH)
Or why they are found in particular locations
(vascular tissue) and not others (near veins)
Clearing agents: Chloral hydrate solution to remove chlorophyll (cell walls
etc remain)
Show in crossed polaroids
Comment on size, shape, frequency
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
4/17
(a) Prisms
One prism per parenchyma cell
Cells form a sheath around fibres in vascular bundle
Eg cascara, senna, liquorice
Hyoscyamus leaf
Twin crystals
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
5/17
Calcium oxalate of
Cassia acutifolia
(senna) leaflet
(viewed under high
power)
Note cluster
crystals also present
in senna leaflet
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
6/17
(b) Clusters & rosettes
Microrosettes in Umbelliferae eg anise, fennel
Eg Senna
Cascara
Stramonium
Eg Rhubarb
rhizome
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
7/17
Calcium oxalate
ofDatura
Stramonium leaf(viewed under
high power)
Calcium oxalate
ofDatura
stramonium leaf
(viewed underlow power)
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
8/17
(c) Needles (acicular)
Occupy the whole parenchyma cell
Next cell contains none
Eg ipecacuahna, squill
Calcium oxalate ofCephaelis
ipecacuanha rhizome
(viewed under high power)
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
9/17
(d) Microsphenoids (crystal sand)
Very small
Adjacent cells dont store them
Eg belladonna
Calcium oxalate ofAtropa belladonna
leaf (viewed under high power)
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
10/17
2. CALCIUM CARBONATE
Not as common as calcium oxalate Eg cannabis cell
Calcium carbonate
deposit
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
11/17
3. STARCH GRAINS
More common
Occur as discrete grains
Commonly show layering of amylose & amylopectin
around a point hilum
Found in parenchyma of pith, cortex, vascular tissues,
fruits, cotyledons & seed endosperms
Generally not found in leaves transported out
Staining:
Dilute glycerin
Chloral hydrate to dissolve pigments
* I2 blue-black stain
* Polarised light not bright
Maltese cross
effect (page 15
microscopy
notes)
* Characteristics
of plant starch
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
12/17
Shape
One shape will be dominant or characteristic of a
plant Eg Polyhedral maize starch
Ovoid with a few round potato
Sac shape ginger
Aggregation
Can be single, 2, 3 -> multicompound grain
Eg ipecacuanha
Size Rice 6 m
Potato 45-70 m
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
13/17
Hilum
Striations Present or absent
Layers of amylose and amylopectin
Frequency Absent rare abundant (90% of plant material)
Location Where they are found Eg root, rhizomes, seeds etc
May just be in specific tissues Eg pith, cortex, perisperm
Single
point
Line in a
grain Cleft Stellate
Punctate
(hole)
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
14/17
Potato starch grains
(viewed under high power)
Maize starch grains
(viewed under high power)
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
rhizome starch
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
15/17
4. PROTEIN
Indicative of seed material
Diagnostic feature: Picric acid stains protein yellow
Allow a few minutes to stain, wash away rest
Amorphous
Crystalloid protein
Amorphous protein
Globoid
Calcium
oxalate
Phosphorus
protein
Aleurone Eg Linseed
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
16/17
5. OILS, FATS
May float out in stain to below coverslip
Fixed oil Esters of glycerol
Eg linseed, olive
Volatile (essential) oil
Look the same
Turpine and hydrocarbons
Eg peppermint
Can smell
Staining:
Sudan III, Tincture of Alkanne
Some plants contain so much oil that it needs to be removed
to see other structures
Light petroleum removes fat
Mix, decant off, repeat several times, then can stain
Globules
-
7/29/2019 S1 L4 Microscopy Cell Inclusions
17/17
6. MUCILAGE
Sometimes present
Has to be stained to be seen
Staining:
Ruthenium red -> pink
Eg senna leaves