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GROUNDING, BONDING EARTHING, SHIELDING
in/on BUILDING
Diamond Ballroom, Nikko Hotel Jakarta
Jl. MH. Thamrin 59, Jakarta
20 Februari 2010
(Building Engineer Association)
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Isi
Prinsip kerja dasar dari grounding
Manfaat grounding dan akibat tidak
ada Grounding.
Jenis Grounding.
Pemeliharaan sistem grounding
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Definisi dan tujuan grounding
1. Pembumian untuk proteksi keselamatan makhluk hidup.
2. Pembumian untuk proteksi bangunan terhadap petir.
3. Pembumian untuk proteksi peralatan sistim tenaga listrik.
4. Pembumian untuk proteksi peralatan khusus (telekomunikasi,
electronic dan pengukuran).
Grounding, bonding, earthing and shielding
adalah istilah untuk pembumian konduktor
yang digunakan untuk konsep sistim proteksi,
yang meliputi :
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Grounding pada sistim tenaga
Untuk memutuskan tegangan/arus ketika terjadi
gangguan
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IEC 60634 electrical instalation of building
Ada 3 macam pembumian:
TN, TT dan IT
Huruf pertama adalah indikator hubungan antara bumi dan sistim suplai
(generator or transformer):
T : hubungan langsung ke bumi ( T= terre);
I : tdk ada hub ke bumi, atau dihub dg impedansi tinggi (I=isolation).
Huruf kedua adalah indikator hub antara bumi dengan peralatan yang disuplai
(konsumen):
T : hub langsung kebumi, independen terhadap sistim suplai;
N : hub ke bumi melalui sistim suplai.
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TN network Prinsipnya
sistim suplai dibumikan ditempat,
sistim konsumen dibumikan via netral dari suplai.
Ada 3 variasi TN
TN-S: separate protective
earth (PE) and neutral (N)
conductors from transformer
to consuming device, which
are not connected at any
point after the building
distribution point.
TN-C: combined PE and
N conductor all the way
from the transformer to
the consuming device.
TN-C-S earthing system:
combined PEN conductor from
transformer to building
distribution point, but separate
PE and N conductors in fixed
indoor wiring and flexible power
cords.
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Sistim TT dan IT
In a TT earthing system, the
protective earth connection of the
consumer is provided by a local
connection to earth, independent
of any earth connection at the
generator.
In an IT network, the
distribution system has no
connection to earth at all, or
it has only a high impedance
connection.
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Contoh sistim IT
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Personal Safety Grounding
Untuk keamanan petugas / operator listrik
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Tegangan sentuh, langkah, transfer
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Contoh grounding salah dan benar
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Contoh Peralatan keselamatan
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Pengaruh arus listrik di tubuh
Zones and Physiological effects
1. Usually no reaction effects.
2. Usually no harmful physiological effects.
3. Usually no organic damage to be
expected. Likelihood of muscular
contractions and difficulty in breathing,
reversible disturbances of formation and
conduction of impulses in the heart,
including atrial fibnilation and transient
cardiac arrest without ventricular
fibrillation increasing with current
magnitude and time.
4. In addition to the effects of zone 3,
probability of ventricular fibrillation
increasing up to about 5% (curve C2), up
to about 50% (curve C3) and above 50%
beyond curve CB Increasing with
magnitude and time, pathophysiological
effects such as cardiac arrest, breathing
arrest and heavy burns may occur.
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Batas tegangan
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Tegangan langkah dan sentuh di GI
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Proteksi Peralatan sensitif
Reduce noise signal, provide leakage path for static charges, establish voltage
reference.
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Bantuan arrester
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Grounding untuk proteksi petir
Dissipate lightning energy to earth.
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Pemasangan finial
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Pemasangan down conductor
Bisa gunakan baja beton
bangunan sebagai down
conductor Perhatikan jarak hindari side flash
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Iec 61024-1-2 ps 1.3
1. sekitar 50 % dari sambungan batang tegak atau mendatar
harus dilas, atau diikat dengan kuat;
2. batang tegak dilas atau ditumpang tindih sekurang-
kurangnya 20 kali diameternya dan diikat kuat;
3. sambungan secara listrik dari baja tulangan antar beton
tulangan yang berdekatan harus diperiksa sebelum dicor.
1.3 Struktur beton bertulang
Rangka baja dalam struktur beton bertulang,
dianggap menjadi sambungan secara listrik
harus memenuhi kondisi sebagai berikut:
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Connector
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Sistim Grounding
Menyebarkan arus listrik kebumi
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Resistans pembumian
Dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman, luas elektroda,
dan resistivity tanah
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Formula empiris untuk prediksi
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Pemeliharaan
• Pemeriksaan rutin minimal saat kemarau (tanah
kering) dan menjelang musim petir (untuk
bangunan/ struktur)
• Ada bak kontrol, untuk memastikan grounding
individu masih ada dan baik
• Pengukuran dengan alat (dilepas atau tanpa
dilepas)