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Salinity Intrusion: Integrating Riverine and Coastal Forces
Paul Conrads U. S. Geological Survey SC Water Science Center
Columbia, SC
NIDIS Carolinas Pilot Project Scoping WorkshopJuly 31, 2012
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Outline Conceptual model of salinity
intrusion Look at some data Drought and salinity intrusion Coastal drought index and data
resource Summary
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Short Review Salinity DynamicsFreshwater
SaltwaterRiverine
FlowTidal Forcing mean water level, tidal range
“…estuaries may never really be steady-state systems; they may be trying to reach a balance they never achieve.”
Keith Dyer, from Estuaries – A Physical Introduction (1997)
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Saltwater-Freshwater Interface
High flowsLow water
levels
Tidal MarshesCritter Communities
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Saltwater-Freshwater Interface
Low flowsHigh water
levels
Tidal MarshesCritter Communities
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Example of Data: Yadkin-Pee Dee Basin
FreshwaterSaltwater
Riverine Flow
Tidal Forcing mean water level, tidal range
Flow: Pee Dee River at Pee Dee
Water level and Tidal Range: Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway at Little River Inlet
Specific conductance (salinity): Waccamaw River the Hagley Landing
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Example of Data: StreamflowFreshwater
SaltwaterRiverine
FlowTidal Forcing mean water level, tidal range
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Example of Data: Water levelFreshwater
SaltwaterRiverine
FlowTidal Forcing mean water level, tidal range
Two signals:Mean water level & Tidal Range
Tide Range
Mean Water Level
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Water Level and Tidal Range
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Pee Dee River Flows
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Waccamaw River Specific Conductance
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Flows and Specific Conductance
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SPEC
IFIC
CO
ND
UC
TAN
CE,
UG
/CM
and
FLO
W, F
T3 /S
GA
GE
HEI
GH
TS A
ND
FIL
TER
ED G
AG
ES H
EIG
HT,
FEE
T
Converging Conditions
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Looking Inside the Black Box
3D response surfaces Surface created by
model “Unseen” variables
set to constant value
Manifestation of historical behavior of system
Insight to the process dynamics or physics
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What Conditions Cause Large Intrusions?
High water
Low water
3-D Response surface – Flow, Tidal Range, and Salinity
Sal
inity
>
Sal
inity
>
Flow >
Flow > Tide range >
Tide range >
Low Coastal Water Level High Coastal Water Level
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Savannah River
Riverine Flows
Savannah River at Clyo
Tidal ForcingMean Water levelTidal Range
Fort Pulaski
FreshwaterSaltwater
Specific conductance
I-95
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Savannah River at I-95
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Converging Conditions:Savannah River
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Flow and Drought Index
Very quick look at South Carolina Coast
Weekly drought index for Marion County
Plot with 7-day average flow & 7-day average specific conductance
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Flow and Drought IndexD4
D3
D2
D1
0-D0
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Specific Conductance and Drought Index
D4
D3
D2
D1
0-D0
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Data Resource – USGS Real-time Network
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USGS Coastal Carolina Real-time Network~50 active gages:
Parameters: water level, sp. cond., temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, and/velocity
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Summary Salinity dynamics results of flow and
coastal water interaction Salinity intrusion events caused by
convergence of conditions Potential of a salinity coastal drought
index Real-time data networks available to
support potential coastal drought index
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Fast Forward
FERC Re-licensing
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AIW/North End Salinity
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Example of Data: StreamflowFreshwater
SaltwaterRiverine
FlowTidal Forcing water level, tidal range
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Convergence of Conditions
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Orbital Mechanics and Tide Range
Neap Tides Spring Tides
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Tidal Range and Specific Conductance
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Water Level and Specific Conductance
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Converging Conditions:South End – Waccamaw River