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Sanitation: What’s the Real Problem?
Duncan Mara, University of Leeds
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It can’t be technology!
We have a small range of proven sanitation technologies:• Arborloos
• Single-pit VIP latrines
• eThekwini latrines
• Pour-flush latrines
• Household-level biogas latrines
• Simplified sewerage
• Low-cost combined sewerage
• Community-managed sanitation blocks
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An urbanizing world
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It can’t be technology!
We have a small range of proven sanitation technologies:• Arborloos
• Single-pit VIP latrines
• eThekwini latrines
• Pour-flush latrines
• Household-level biogas latrines
• Simplified sewerage
• Low-cost combined sewerage
• Community-managed sanitation blocks
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Simplified sewerage
Rigorous hydraulic design based on:
• a minimum sewer diameter of 100 mm
• a minimum tractive tension of 1 N/m2
• a minimum value for peak wastewater
flow of 1.5 litres/second
This results in a minimum gradient of 1
in 200, and a 100 mm dia. sewer being
able to serve 234 households of 5 people
with a water consumption of 100 litres/
person day (or 10 people @ 50 lpd).
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Simplified sewerage
Rigorous hydraulic design based on:
• a minimum sewer diameter of 100 mm
• a minimum tractive tension of 1 N/m2
• a minimum value for peak wastewater
flow of 1.5 litres/second
This results in a minimum gradient of 1
in 200, and a 100 mm dia. sewer being
able to serve 234 households of 5 people
with a water consumption of 100 litres/
person day (or 10 people @ 50 lpd).
Small flows flow better in small pipes
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Simplified sewerage
Rigorous hydraulic design based on:
• a minimum sewer diameter of 100 mm
• a minimum tractive tension of 1 N/m2
• a minimum value for peak wastewater
flow of 1.5 litres/second
This results in a minimum gradient of 1
in 200, and a 100-mm dia. sewer being
able to serve 234 households of 5 people
with a water consumption of 100 litres/
person day (or 10 people @ 50 lpd).
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Best option
in
poor areas
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Natal,
Northeast
Brazil, 1983
Simplified
sewerage
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Simplified sewerage Monthly cost to householder
State of Rio Grande do Norte in northeast
Brazil, January 2008:
Minimum water tariff:
BRL 18.10 (USD 10.00)
35% surcharge for simplified sewerage
BRL 6.34 (USD 3.50)
(1.7% of minimum wage)
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Simplified sewerage Monthly cost to householder
State of Rio Grande do Norte in northeast
Brazil, January 2008:
Minimum water tariff:
BRL 18.10 (USD 10.00)
35% surcharge for simplified sewerage
BRL 6.34 (USD 3.50)
(1.7% of minimum wage)
Dublin Statement“The basic right of all human
beings to have access to clean water and sanitation at
an affordable price”
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Community-managed sanitation block
in Kibera
Capital cost:USD 8 per person
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Community-managed sanitation block
in Kibera
Capital cost:USD 8 per person
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Actually it’s awater & sanitation
block
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Payment on a per-use basis
GBP 1 = KES 130USD 1 = KES 80
Use toilet: 2pShower: 4p
20 litres water: 2p
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Where does the blame now lie?
… the blame for:
• the 1−2 billion without an adequate water supply
• the 3−4 billion without adequate sanitation
• the 1.15 billion open defecators
• the very low %age of wastewater treated
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Where does the blame now lie?
… the blame for:
• the 1−2 billion without an adequate water supply
• the 3−4 billion without adequate sanitation
• the 1.15 billion open defecators
• the very low %age of wastewater treated
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Where does the blame now lie?
… the blame for:
• the 1−2 billion without an adequate water supply
• the 3−4 billion without adequatesanitation
• the 1.15 billion open defecators
• the very low %age of wastewater treated
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Where does the blame now lie?
… the blame for:
• the 1−2 billion without an adequate water supply
• the 3−4 billion without adequatesanitation
• the 1.15 billion open defecators
• the very low %age of wastewater treated
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Where does the blame now lie?
… the blame for:
• the 1−2 billion without an adequate water supply
• the 3−4 billion without adequatesanitation
• the 1.15 billion open defecators
• the very low %age of wastewater treated
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The blame now rests with …
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The blame now rests with …… developing-country gov’ts
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The blame now rests with …… developing-country gov’ts• that have chosen not to invest in
water & sanitation for all their citizens and to passively accept the resulting morbidity and mortality
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The blame now rests with …… developing-country gov’ts• that have chosen not to invest in
water & sanitation for all their citizens and to passively accept the resulting morbidity and mortality
• and chosen not to treat wastewater and not to prevent the use of untreated wastewater for crop irrigation
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Plenty of very fine words, but not much action
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However, some countries have done very well
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Some countries have done very well
MALAYSIA in 2008Urban: 96% improved and 4% shared sanitation
Rural: 95% improved and 4% shared sanitation and 1% OD
THAILAND in 2008Urban: 96% improved and 4% shared sanitation
Rural: 95% improved and 4% shared sanitation and 1% OD
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Some countries have done very well
MALAYSIA in 2008Urban: 96% improved and 4% shared sanitation
Rural: 95% improved and 4% shared sanitation and 1% OD
THAILAND in 2008Urban: 95% improved and 5% shared sanitation
Rural: 96% improved and 4% shared sanitation
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Have MALAYSIA and THAILAND (and all the industrialized countries) done so well because they “think clean”?
Quite a few countries don’t seem to think clean …
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Have MALAYSIA and THAILAND (and all the industrialized countries) done so well because they “think clean”?
Quite a few countries don’t seem to think clean …
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Countries with >20% ODers in 2008
AFRICA: Angola (23%), Benin (60%), Burkina Faso (64%), Cabo Verde (42%), Central African Republic (20%), Chad (65%), Côte d’Ivoire (27%), Eritrea (85%), Ethiopia (60%), Ghana (20%), Guinea (22%), Guinea-Bissau (31%), Lesotho (40%), Liberia (49%), Madagascar (32%), Mauritania (53%), Mozambique (42%), Namibia (53%), Niger (79%), Nigeria (22%), São Tome & Principe (55%), Senegal (19%), Sierra Leone (24%), Somalia (54%), Sudan (41%), Togo (55%), Zimbabwe (25%)
ASIA: Cambodia (64%), India (54%), Indonesia (26%), Laos (38%), Nepal (52%), Pakistan (27%), Timor-Leste (43%), Yemen (25%)
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Bolivia (21%), Haiti (30%)
Devloping world as a whole: 21%
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What’s stopping other countries doing as well as Malaysia and Thailand?
Probably several/many reasons − for example:
• Politicians and senior civil servants don’t think that ‘thinking clean’ is that important
−“No solutions without political solutions”
• Technical ignorance of local engineers and planners
• Too much corruption in the water sector
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What’s stopping other countries doing as well as Malaysia and Thailand?
Probably several reasons − for example:
• Politicians and senior civil servants don’t think that ‘thinking clean’ is that important
−“No solutions without political solutions”
• Technical ignorance of local engineers and planners
• Too much corruption in the water sector
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What’s stopping other countries doing as well as Malaysia and Thailand?
Probably several reasons − for example:
• Politicians and senior civil servants don’t think that ‘thinking clean’ is that important
− “No solutions without political solutions”
• Technical ignorance of local engineers and planners
• Too much corruption in the water sector
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What’s stopping other countries doing as well as Malaysia and Thailand?
Probably several reasons − for example:
• Politicians and senior civil servants don’t think that ‘thinking clean’ is that important
− “No solutions without political solutions”
• Technical ignorance of local engineers and planners
• Too much corruption in the water sector
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What’s stopping other countries doing as well as Malaysia and Thailand?
Probably several reasons − for example:
• Politicians and senior civil servants don’t think that ‘thinking clean’ is that important
− “No solutions without political solutions”
• Technical ignorance of local engineers and planners
• Too much corruption in the water sector
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