Download - Scaffolding Thinking Skills HK2
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Scaffolding Thinking Skills for Primary
StudentsBernie Dodge, PhD
San Diego State University
webquest.org/workshops/sts/
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Overview
• A graphical model for thinking about WebQuests and any constructivist activity
• Examples of three points at which graphical scaffolding helps
• A taxonomy of scaffolding types• Introduction to a number of useful web sites• Practice at adding scaffolding to WebQuests
that need them
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Beyond Blobmongering
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The Egyptologist Story
• Does magic happen when you give children access to an adult expert?
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What is Scaffolding?
Scaffolding is a temporary structure which provides help at specific points in the learning process.
It allows learners to complete a challenging task which they would not be able to accomplish without help.
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Why Scaffold?
• Because some learners are being left behind
• Because you can’t be everywhere at once, so it’s useful to capture some of the help you’d give and make it available for just-in-time learning.
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Four Useful Resources
• ExploraTree
• Gliffy
• Read Write Think
• Graphic.org
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Traditional
Teacher Student
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Traditional
Teacher Student
Transmission
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Inputs
Constructivist
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Inputs
Transformation
Constructivist
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Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
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Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
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Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
TransformationScaffolds
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Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
TransformationScaffolds
ProductionScaffolds
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How Do We Scaffold? by…• Providing
outlines, guides and templates
• Guiding thinking through visual and other means
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Key attributes of good scaffolding
• Available for Just-in-time learning
• Skippable by those who don’t need it
• Blends content and structure to an appropriate degree
• Fades like the Cheshire Cat smile as students become more adept
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Reception Scaffolds
• Guidance on how to interview an expert
• Reading guides• Dictionaries and
glossaries• Observation guides
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Reception Scaffold Example• Experiencing
India’s Caste System provides a glossary because much of the vocabulary will be new to the learners.
http://teachers.eusd.k12.ca.us/mguerena/castewebquest/index.htm
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Reception Scaffold Example• Experiencing India’s
Caste System provides a glossary because much of the vocabulary will be new to the learners.
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Reception Scaffold Example• Peyri Hamada provided a visual
organizer to help students gather information about the metric system.
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Reception Scaffold Example
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Reception Scaffold Example
• In the Early Jazz Wax Museum WebQuest, students capture the chronology and musicians.
A partly completed timeline would help them organize data as they find it.
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Reception Scaffold Example
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Reception Scaffold Example
http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/jhwebquest.htm
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http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/themes.htm
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Back to the Egyptologist Story
• Does magic happen when you give children access to an adult expert?
Some visual scaffolding would have helped!
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Input, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to make sense of this source of information?
Inputs
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Practice 1
Finding opportunities to add a reception scaffold
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http://questgarden.com/63/89/1/080407200628/index.htm
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Transformation Scaffolds
• Guidance on applying specific transformations
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Transformation Scaffold Example
• How do the menus of two restaurants differ? Which one is healthier?
This calls for a Venn Diagram
http://questgarden.com/63/04/8/080329111217/
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Transformation Scaffold Example
• Solving a mystery involves building up to a conclusion through a foundation of inferences based on data.
This calls for an Inductive Tower!
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ExploraTree
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/explore/
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Knowing Tree
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=955&permission_id=template
A knowing tree guides the user to construct an thesis based on evidence
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Transformation Scaffold Example
http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/jhwebquest.htm
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http://www-ma.beth.k12.pa.us/jhoke/jhwebquest/storymap.htm
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Comparison Matrix
http://www.graphic.org/commat.html
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Compare & Contrast
• This web design WebQuest includes an organizer to support this cognitive activity
http://macserver.independence.k12.ia.us/~rsheets/rjsheets/index.htm
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http://macserver.independence.k12.ia.us/~rsheets/rjsheets/graphicorg.htm
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Compare & Contrast
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=956&permission_id=template
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PMI
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=7864&permission_id=template
PMI scaffolds the decision-making process by noting things that are positive, negative or just interesting
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Reverse Planning
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=966&permission_id=template
Start at the desired end result and then figure out how to get there.
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S.C.A.M.P.E.R.
http://www.exploratree.org.uk/app/?document_id=968&permission_id=template
Generate ideas for improving a product or situation by changing things in various ways.
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Read Write Think
http://www.readwritethink.org/
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Venn Diagram
http://www.readwritethink.org/materials/venn/
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Production Scaffolds
• Guidance on organizing information in particular formats
• Prompted writing templates
• Multimedia templates
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Production Scaffold Example
http://home.austin.rr.com/anamc/ScottBoys/Scottsboro10th.html
This WebQuest contains a prompted writing guide to help students prepare their closing arguments.
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Production Scaffold Example
http://home.austin.rr.com/anamc/ScottBoys/ScottAessay.doc
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Production Scaffold Example
• Pinoy Pride asks students to create a short play about one of several stages in Filipino history.
Providing a diagram of the structure of a play would give the authors a place to compose their outline.
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Drama Map
http://www.readwritethink.org/student_mat/student_material.asp?id=12
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Letter Generator
http://www.readwritethink.org/student_mat/student_material.asp?id=5
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Persuasion Map
http://www.readwritethink.org/student_mat/student_material.asp?id=34
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Practice 2
Finding opportunities to add a transformation or production scaffold
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Input, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to make sense of this source of information?
Inputs
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Transformation, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to manipulate information in this way?
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Scaffolding Your Own WebQuest
For every Output, ask yourself…
• Do all of my students know how to produce information in this format?
Outputs
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http://questgarden.com/62/91/3/080323072822/
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Inputs
Transformation
OutputsConstructivist
ReceptionScaffolds
TransformationScaffolds
ProductionScaffolds
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Where Do Scaffolds Go?
PROCESS
1. Sfk fjdkjf slkjf slkjf s jdfjkdfjlskjf slkjf
2. Gjks gjgls hhslkje sjdk a ghj dh
3. A ngk l wulejk a fkd lkj s fjigl
4. Sjfkll su sljna nms f alkd ffhja
5. Sjf a kj a lblkijb jjkkla bjk
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• There’s an appropriate balance point. It depends on your learners.
Spoon Feeding
Sink or Swim
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• Don’t scaffold everything… there isn’t time. Pick the 20% that solves 80% of your problems.
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• Encourage those who can skip or go beyond the scaffolds to do so. If all student products look the same, something’s wrong.
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Degrees of Scaffolding
• Over time, as your learners internalize the structures and skills you want them to have, scaffold less.
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Four Useful Resources
• ExploraTree
• Read Write Think
• Gliffy
• Graphic.org
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Gliffy
http://www.gliffy.com
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Graphic.org
http://www.graphic.org/
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Scaffolding Thinking Skills for Primary
StudentsBernie Dodge, PhD
San Diego State University
webquest.org/workshops/sts/