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Scaling the Uptake ofAgricultural Innovations:The role of sustainable extension and advisory
services
Brent M. SimpsonMichigan State University
Deputy Dir. Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services (MEAS) Project
Ag Sector Council Webinar 20 November 2013
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Major Themes Covered
Issues to think about
Important concepts
Application of extension
principles in practice
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Key Questions
How do we define scale when thinking about the adoption of agricultural technologies and practices?
How do we design for the potential of scaling the up-take of agricultural innovations?
How do we sustain the momentum of scaling behavior change once it is initiated?
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Place-based Nature of AgricultureNatural site:Where species are able to grow.
Socio-economic site:Where species are allowed to grow• Elimination• Addition• Manipulation of
the environment
Source: von Maydell, 1990
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The Farming Environment
Physical
Biological
Economic
Social
Institutional
Source: adapted from Shaner et al., 1982
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Farming System Characteristics
Household Characteristics
Land
Labor
Capital
Enterprises
Source: adapted from Shaner et al., 1982
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Adoption Domain“recommendation domain”
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Essential Nature of Scale in Agriculture
Every innovation has its natural scale of expression
No innovative change is permanent
Image Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/seeds_sandia.html
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The Diffusion of Innovations
20%
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Individual Pathways
Source: Felton in Cox and Alm, 2008
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Multiple Sources/Multiple Providers
Source: Dedire, 2013
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Process of Adoption
ADOPTION PROCESS• Awareness• Interest• Evaluation• Trial (adaptation)• Adoption
Q: How many dissemination efforts are explicitly designed to facilitate individual adoption as part of their theory of change?
Source: Rogers, 1964
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The Time Dimension
? Q: How many projects are designed to allow adoption to take place, let alone takeoff?
Source: Rogers, 1995
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Essential Nature of Scale in Agriculture
Source:http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/seeds_sandia.html
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Essential Nature of Scale in Agriculture
Source:http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/sunshot/seeds_sandia.html
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INNOVATION CHARACTERISTICS• Perceived advantage• Complexity• Riskiness• Trialability (lumpiness)• Observability
Q: How many interventions incorporate the essential characteristics of the innovation into their diffusion strategy?
Source: Rogers, 1963
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A Scaling (learning) Process Approach
Time
EffectiveEfficient
Scaling-up
Source: Korten, 1980
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Scaling the Update of Innovations through Sustainable Agricultural Extension
Using what we know about human behavior to support behavior change;
Using what we know about the diffusion of innovations to design projects;
Sustaining efforts long enough to allow ‘scaling’ to happen; Working at scale, to achieve impacts of scale.
Not either, or…it’s all, and.
Applying what we already know is itself an innovation
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This presentation was given by:
Brent M. Simpson
Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University
on behalf of the Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services (MEAS) Project
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Terms of Use: Terms of Use:
© Brent Simpson, Michigan State University and the MEAS project. This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Users are free:• to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work• to Remix — to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:• Attribution — Users must attribute the work to the author(s)/institution
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Disclaimer:Disclaimer:
This presentation was made possible by the generous support of
the American people through the United States Agency for
International Development, USAID. The contents are the
responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the
views of USAID or the United States Government.
www.meas-extension.org