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GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA AND PHYLOGENETIC
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HOMO SAPIENS AND SELECTED
MODEL ORGANISMS ON THE BASIS OF HOMOLOGOUS GENES
Parul Raj Srivastava and Ranjeet Singh
Deptt. of Biotechnology Engineering
Institute of Engineering & TechnologyBundelkhand University, Jhansi
E mail:[email protected]
ITNTRODUCTION
Schizophreniais a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by
impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditoryhallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context
of significant social or occupational dysfunction. Studies suggest that genetics, early
environment, neurobiology and psychological and social processes are important contributoryfactors. A person experiencing schizophrenia may demonstrate symptoms such as disorganized
thinking, auditory hallucinations, and delusions. Diagnosis is based on the self-reported
experiences of the person as well as abnormalities in behavior reported by family members,
friends or co-workers, followed by secondary signs observed by a psychiatrist. It is a mentaldisorder which affects thinking, feeling and behaviour. It is most likely to start the ages of 15 to
35 and will affect about 1 in every 100 people during their lifetime.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that makes it hard to:
Tell the difference between what is real and not real Think clearly
Have normal emotional response
Act normally in social situations
Types of Schizophrenia
There are five types of schizophrenia. Although most people think of schizophrenia as a single
mental illness, schizophrenia is a general term for several forms of the psychotic illness.
Paranoid type schizophreniatypically consists of false beliefs and hearing things that arentthere; may be more manageable than other types of schizophrenia.
Disorganized type schizophrenia - typically consists of thoughts, speech and behavior that isinappropriate and incomprehensible
Catatonic type schizophreniaconsists of activity levels on either end of the spectrum; eithera dazed, coma-like state or a hyperactive state
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Undifferentiated type schizophreniaa form of schizophrenia that does not match any of theabove types; sometimes this is called schizophrenia not otherwise specified
Residual type schizophreniaconsists of some schizophrenic symptoms of lesser severity
Detailed Symptoms of Various Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid type schizophrenia
Contains: preoccupation with delusions and frequent auditory hallucinations
Is not prominent: disorganized (confused, incoherent) speech; disorganized or catatonic
behavior; flat or inappropriate affect (emotion, mood)
Disorganized type schizophrenia (disorganized type schizophrenia is also known as
hebephrenia)
Contains: disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect
Is not prominent: delusions and hallucinations
Catatonic type schizophrenia
Contains two of the following: muscle immobility or stupor; excessive, pointless muscle activity;
extreme negativism; inappropriate or bizarre postures; repetition of movement or speech
Undifferentiated type schizophrenia
Contains the diagnosis of schizophrenia but does not specifically meet one of the above three
subtype criteria
Residual type schizophrenia
Contains: evidence of schizophrenia
Is not prominent: delusions; hallucinations; disorganized speech; grossly disorganized or
catatonic behavior.
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia
It is known that the brains of people with schizophrenia differ from brains of those in the averagepopulation. Brain imaging scans have shown that some areas of the brain are smaller or
malformed in those with schizophrenia. One part of the brain that appears to be affected byschizophrenia is the hippocampus. This part of the brain is part of a system called the limbic
system which is responsible for processing emotions and memories. The hippocampus is smaller
in those with schizophrenia.
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A brain chemical, dopamine, is also thought to be involved in the causes of schizophrenia.
Effective antipsychotic medications (medications which reduce psychosis) inhibit the neurons
that fire this chemical while drugs that exacerbate dopamine firing are known to inducepsychosis. It is likely, though, that dopamine abnormalities vary across different regions of the
brain. Glutamate, another brain chemical, is also likely involved in the causes of schizophrenia.
It is not understood exactly how these brain anomalies are created but it appears they may existbefore schizophrenia manifests. The brain abnormalities may only fully come to light as theperson goes through puberty due to the rapid brain changes seen during this time in life.
Brain damageBrain scans show that there are differences in the brains of some people with schizophreniabut
not in others. Where this is the case, it may be that parts of the brain have not grown normally
because of: a problem during birth that stops the babys brain from getting enough oxygen or a
virus infection during the early months of pregnancy.
Genetic Causes of Schizophrenia
Family studies of people with schizophrenia reveal that the causes of schizophrenia are partly
genetic. While the risk of developing schizophrenia in the average person is 1%, the risk for
someone with a parent with schizophrenia is around six times that and siblings have a 9% chance
of havi.ng schizophrenia. While the underlying specifics of the genetics are not well understood,
these numbers do show the development
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia symptoms usually develop slowly over months or years. Sometimes you may
have many symptoms, and at other times you may only have a few symptoms.
People with any type of schizophrenia may have trouble keeping friends and working. They may
also have problems with anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
At first, you may have the following symptoms:
Irritable or tense feeling Trouble concentrating Trouble sleeping
As the illness continues, you may have problems with thinking, emotions, and behavior,
including:
Bizarre behaviors Hearing or seeing things that are not there (hallucinations) Isolation Lack of emotion (flat affect)
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Problems paying attention Strongly held beliefs that are not real (delusions) Thoughts that "jump" between different topics (loose associations)
Symptoms depend on the type of schizophrenia you have.
Paranoid schizophrenia symptoms may include:
1Anxiety Anger or arguing False beliefs that others are trying to harm you or your loved ones
Disorganized schizophrenia symptoms may include:
Childlike behavior Problems thinking and explaining your ideas clearly Showing little emotion
Catatonic schizophrenia symptoms may include:
Grimacing or other odd expressions on the face Lack of activity Rigid muscles and posture Not responding much to other people
Undifferentiated schizophrenia may include symptoms of more than one other type of
schizophrenia.
TOOLS AND METHODOLOGIES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA
National Centre For Biotechnology Information-is a database that contains all the information
related to biology/biotechnology.It is a complete repository of various other databases having
information about research papers,genetic diseases,biomedical literature,etc.
Entrez
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The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine,
orweb portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National
Center forBiotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
PubMed Central
PubMed Central is a free digital database of full-text scientific literature in biomedical and life
sciences
PubChem
PubChem is a database ofchemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The
system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a
component of the National Library of2
Medicine, which is part of the United States National
Institutes of Health(NIH).
Protein Data Bank
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a repository for the 3-D structural data of large biological
molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids
PROSITE
PROSITE is a protein database. It consists of entries describing the protein
families, domains and functional sites as well as amino acidpatterns, signatures, and profiles in
them.
European Molecular Biology LaboratoryThe European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) is a molecular biology research institution
supported by 20 European countries and Australia as associate member state.
BLAST
In bioinformatics,Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, orBLAST, is an algorithm for
comparing primarybiological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequences of
differentproteins or the nucleotidesofDNA sequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to
compare a query sequence with a library ordatabase of sequences, and identify library sequences
that resemble the query sequence above a certain threshold.
ExPASy
ExPASy is a bioinformatics resource portal operated by the Swiss Institute of
Bioinformatics (SIB) and in particular the SIB Web Team. It is an extensible and integrative
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_familieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographic_databasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Informationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_search -
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portal accessing many scientific resources, databases and software tools in different areas of life
sciences
RasMol
RasMol is a computer program written formolecular graphics visualization intended and used
primarily for the depiction and exploration ofbiological macromolecule structures
Clustal
Clustal is a widely used multiple sequence alignment computer program
Swiss-model
SWISS-MODEL is a web-based expert system dedicated to homology modeling of protein 3D
structures
JalviewJalview is a piece ofbioinformatics software that is used to look at and edit multiple sequencealignments
RESULTS AND DEDUCTIONS
Genetic Analysis of Schizophrenia
chromosome no. no. of genes locus gene name3
1 21 1q42.2/DISC1 SCZD9
2 12 2q32.1 SCZD14
3 9 3q13.31 DRD3
4 9 4p13 PHOX2B
5 10 18p MAFD1
6 19 6p23 SCZD3
7 12 7q36.3 SCZD16
8 7 8p21 SCZD69 3 9q34.2 DBH
10 6 10q23.1 NRG3
11 16 11q14-q21 SCZD2
12 6 12q24 DAO
13 8 13q14.2 HTR2A
3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graphicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homology_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_graphics -
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14 6 14q32.33 AKT1
15 8 15q13 SCZD13
16 10 16p11.2 AUTS14A
17 9 17p13.3 SRR
18 6 18p SCZD8
19 8 19p13.2 DNMT1
20 4 20p12.2 SNAP25
21 4 21q22.11 OLIG2
22 31 22q11.21 SCZD4
X 15 Xq23 MRX30
Y 0 0 0
MITOCHONDRIAL 0 0 0
UNKNOWN 7 6q26 QKI
TOTAL NO. OF
GENES 224
Homologous Genes
Gene Disrupted In Schizophrenia 1
4GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
Disc1/SCZD9 Homo sapiens no island detected
Disc1/SCZD9 Pan troglodytes no island detected
Disc1/SCZD9 Macaca mulatta no island detected
Disc1/SCZD9 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
Disc1/SCZD9 Bos taurus no island detected
Disc1/SCZD9 Mus musculus no island detected
Disc1/SCZD9 Rattus norvegicus no island detected
Disc1/SCZD9 Gallus gallus 1
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
SCZD14 NO ORGANISM FOUND
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GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN BILATERIA
DRD3 Homo sapiens no island detected
DRD3 Pan troglodytes no island detected
DRD3 Macaca mulatta no island detected
DRD3 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
DRD3 Bos taurus no island detected
DRD3 Mus musculus no island detected
DRD3 Rattus norvegicus no island detected
DRD3 Gallus gallus 1
DRD3 Danio rerio 1
DRD3 Drosophila melanogaster 2
DRD3 Caenorhabditis elegans 1
DRD3
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN EUTELEOSTOMI
PH5OX2B Homo sapiens 3
PHOX2B Pan troglodytes 4
PHOX2B Macaca mulatta 3
PHOX2B Canis Lupus familiarus 1
PHOX2B Bos taurus 1
PHOX2B Mus musculus 1
PHOX2B Rattus norvegicus 1
PHOX2B Gallus gallus 1
PHOX2B Danio rerio 1
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
MAFDI NO ORGANISM FOUND
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GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
SCZD3 NO ORGANISM FOUND
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN EUTELEOSTOMI
SCZD16 Homo sapiens 2
SCZD16 Pan troglodytes 2
SCZD16 Macaca mulatta no island detected
SCZD16 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
SCZD16 Bos taurus 1
SCZD16 Mus musculus no island detected
SCZD16 Rattus norvegicus no island detected
SCZD16 Gallus gallus no island detected
SCZD16 Danio rerio no island detected
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
SC6ZD6 NO ORGANISM FOUND
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
DOPAMINE BETA HYDROXYLASE
DBH Homo sapiens no island detected
DBH Pan troglodytes 2
DBH Macaca mulatta 1
DBH Canis Lupus familiarus 1
DBH Bos taurus 2DBH Mus musculus no island detected
DBH Rattus norvegicus no island detected
DBH Gallus gallus 1
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DBH Danio rerio no island detected
DBH Drosophila melanogaster 1
DBH Caenorhabditis elegans no island detected
Anopheles gambiae no island detected
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENE CONSERVED IN AMNIOTA
NRG3 Homo sapiens 3
NRG3 Pan troglodytes no island detected
NRG3 Macaca mulatta 2
NRG3 Canis Lupus familiarus 2
NRG3 Bos taurus 2
NRG3 Mus musculus 1
NRG3 Rattus norvegicus no island detected
NRG3 Gallus gallus 1
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
SCZD2 NO ORGANISM FOUND
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENE CONSERVED IN EUTHERIA
DAO Homo sapiens no island detected
DAO Pan troglodytes no island detected
DAO Macaca mulatta no island detected
DAO Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
DAO Bos taurus no island detected
DAO Mus musculus no island detected
DAO Rattus norvegicus no island detected
DAO Gallus gallus 1
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENE CONSERVED IN EUTELEOSTOMI
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HTR2A Homo sapiens no island detected
HTR2A Pan troglodytes no island detected
HTR2A Macaca mulatta no island detected
HTR2A Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
HTR2A Bos taurus 1
HTR2A Mus musculus 1
HTR2A Rattus norvegicus 1
HTR2A Gallus gallus no island detected
HTR2A Danio rerio no island detected
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENE CONSERVVED IN BILATERIA
AKT1 Homo sapiens 3
AKT1 Macaca mulatta 2
AKT1 Canis Lupus familiarus 3
AKT1 Bos taurus 2
AKT1 Mus musculus 2
AKT1 Rattus norvegicus 1
AKT1 Gallus gallus 1
AKT1 Danio rerio 3
AKT1 Caenorhabditis elegans no island detected
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
SCZD13 NO ORGANISM FOUND
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
AUTS14A NO ORGANISM FOUND
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN EUKARYOTA
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SRR Homo sapiens no island detected
SRR Pan troglodytes 1
SRR Macaca mulatta no island detected
SRR Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
SRR Bos taurus no island detected
SRR Mus musculus no island detected
SRR Rattus norvegicus no island detected
SRR Gallus gallus 1
SRR Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1
SRR Schizosaccharomyces pombe no island detected
SRR Arabidopsis thaliana no island detected
SRR Oryza sativa japonioca 1
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
SCZD8 NO ORGANISM FOUND
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN EUKARYOTA
DNMT1 Homo sapiens 1
DNMT1 Pan troglodytes 2
DNMT1 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
DNMT1 Bos taurus 5
DNMT1 Mus musculus no island detected
DNMT1 Rattus norvegicus 3
DNMT1 Gallus gallus 6
DNMT1 Arabidopsis thaliana no island detected
DNMT1 Oryza sativa japonioca no island detected
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN COELOMATA
SNAP25 Homo sapiens 1
SNAP25 Pan troglodytes 1
SNAP25 Macaca mulatta no island detected
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SNAP25 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
SNAP25 Bos taurus no island detected
SNAP25 Mus musculus no island detected
SNAP25 Rattus norvegicus no island detected
SNAP25 Gallus gallus no island detected
SNAP25 Danio rerio no island detected
SNAP25 Drosophila melanogaster 1
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
OLIG2 Homo sapiens 2
OLIG2 Pan troglodytes 2
OLIG2 Macaca mulatta 3
OLIG2 Canis Lupus familiarus 1
OLIG2 Bos taurus 3
OLIG2 Mus musculus 2
OLIG2 Rattus norvegicus 2
OLIG2 Gallus gallus 1
OLIG2 Danio rerio 1
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN BILATERIA
SCZD4 Homo sapiens 1
SCZD4 Pan troglodytes 1
SCZD4 Macaca mulatta 1
SCZD4 Canis Lupus familiarus 1
SCZD4 Bos taurus 3
SCZD4 Mus musculus 1
SCZD4 Rattus norvegicus 1
SCZD4 Gallus gallus no island detected
SCZD4 Danio rerio 1
SCZD4 Drosophila melanogaster 3
SCZD4 Anopheles gambiae 1
SCZD4 Caenorhabditis elegans no island detected
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
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GENES CONSERVED IN AMNIOTA
MRX30 Homo sapiens no island detected
MRX30 Pan troglodytes no island detected
MRX30 Macaca mulatta no island detected
MRX30 Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
MRX30 Bos taurus no island detected
MRX30 Mus musculus no island detected
MRX30 Rattus norvegicus no island detected
MRX30 Gallus gallus no island detected
MRX30
GENE I.D. ORGANISM CpG ISLAND
GENES CONSERVED IN BILATERIA
QKI Homo sapiens 1
QK7I Pan troglodytes no island detected
QKI Canis Lupus familiarus no island detected
QKI Bos taurus no island detected
QKI Mus musculus 1
QKI Rattus norvegicus 1
QKI Gallus gallus 1
QKI Danio rerio 2QKI Caenorhabditis elegans 2
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PHYLOGENETIC TREES OF THE GENES HAVING MAXIMUM NO .
OF CPG ISLANDS
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Blast of The Serotonin Sequence Using Swiss Model Repository
SWISS-MODEL Workspace
http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://www.biozentrum.unibas.ch/http://www.isb-sib.ch/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/http://swissmodel.expasy.org/ -
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Physiochemical Report of The Serotonin Protein Molecule Using Prot
Param Tool of Expasy:
Prot Param
User-provided sequence:
Number of amino acids: 15
Molecular weight: 1832.08
Theoretical pI: 5.99
Amino acid composition:
CSV format
Ala (A) 0 0.0%
Arg (R) 1 6.7%
Asn (N) 2 13.3%
Asp (D) 1 6.7%
Cys (C) 2 13.3%
Gln (Q) 0 0.0%
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Glu (E) 1 6.7%
Gly (G) 0 0.0%
His (H) 2 13.3%
Ile (I) 0 0.0%
Leu (L) 2 13.3%
Lys (K) 0 0.0%
Met (M) 0 0.0%
Phe (F) 2 13.3%
Pro (P) 1 6.7%
Ser (S) 1 6.7%
Thr (T) 0 0.0%
Trp (W) 0 0.0%
Tyr (Y) 0 0.0%
Val (V) 0 0.0%
Pyl (O) 0 0.0%
Sec (U) 0 0.0%
(B) 0 0.0%
(Z) 0 0.0%9
(X) 0 0.0%
Total number of negatively charged residues (Asp + Glu): 2
Total number of positively charged residues (Arg + Lys): 1
Atomic composition:
Carbon C 79
Hydrogen H 114
Nitrogen N 24
Oxygen O 23
Sulfur S 2
Formula: C79H114N24O23S2Total number of atoms: 242
Extinction coefficients:
This protein does not contain any Trp residues. Experience shows thatthis could result in more than 10% error in the computed extinction coefficient.
Extinction coefficients are in units of M-1 cm-1, at 280 nm measured in water.
Ext. coefficient 125Ab10s 0.1% (=1 g/l) 0.068, assuming all pairs of Cys residues form cystines
Ext. coefficient 0
Abs 0.1% (=1 g/l) 0.000, assuming all Cys residues are reduced
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Estimated half-life:
The N-terminal of the sequence considered is C (Cys).
The estimated half-life is: 1.2 hours (mammalian reticulocytes, in vitro).
>20 hours (yeast, in vivo).>10 hours (Escherichia coli, in vivo).
Instability index:
The instability index (II) is computed to be -1.71This classifies the protein as stable.
Aliphatic index: 52.00
Grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY): -0.607
CONCLUSION
Many people with schizophrenia now never have to go into hospital and are able to settle down,
work and have lasting relationships.
For every 5 people with schizophrenia:
1 will get better within five years of their first obvious symptoms
3 will get better, but will have times when they get worse again
The present work has been devised in manner to bring to light the various psychoses ofschizophrenia and related disorders by studying the cases of a wide range of schizophrenic
patients.The study has been conducted with a bioinformatics perpective to find out the genetic
relationships of the other organisms with that of Homo sapiens having evolutionary relatedness.A genetic analysis of the organism is made on the basis of homologous genes of the total pairs of
chromosomes in Homo sapiens by finding their gene name and genetic loci corresonding to that
of other similar model organisms ,which helps us to find a cure of the disease via a connecting
link alongwith the phylogenetically related model organisms to find the number of commontransmemebrane domains among them further finding the cPg islands among the related
organisms so that they can be used as a means to the study the disease with respect to othergenetically related organisms..
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