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School Leadership: A Lynchpin for Improving Instructional Outcomes
Ronnie Detrich, Wing Institute: ChairTrina Spencer, Northern Arizona University: DiscussantJack States, Wing InstituteRandy Keyworth, Wing Institute
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A Behavioral Conceptualization of Leadership
Ronnie DetrichWing Institute
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Acknowledgments
• Tim Slocum• Andy Lattal• Randy Keyworth• Jack States
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Why Do We Need a Behavioral Conceptualization of Leadership?
• Hundreds of books on leadership Most incorrectly focus on personal characteristics of
leaders.“Leadership is a potent combination of strategy and character. But
if you must be without one, be without the strategy.”- Norman Schwarzkopf
Relatively few view leadership as a behavioral transaction.Exception: Aubrey Daniels The Measure of a Leader
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Leadership Considered
• Function of Leaders: Occasion change Maintain and stabilize system
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A Functional Perspective on Leadership
• There can be no leaders without followers. Obvious but more complex upon closer examinationFrame of Leaders/Followers places emphasis on
characteristics of each.Leadership is a construct.
When is it invoked?Leadership made up of two classes of behavior:
LeadingFollowing
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Leadership Considered
• Leading defined by two effects Following Effects on outcomes
Followers but no outcomes is not leadership Outcomes without following is not leading.
“Leadership is intentional influence.”Michael McKinney
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Leadership Considered
• Leadership is a social relationship between two actors (leader & follower). Relationship maintained by exchange of reinforcers and
punishers. Not defined by topography or nominal role of actors.
“Leading from behind”
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Interaction Between Leading and Following: Maintaining Contingencies
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Leader Follower
SR
SR
OrganizationalVariables
History
Cultural Norms
Hierarchies
Cultural Norms
Hierarchies
TrainingRules
Values/Beliefs
TrainingRules
Values/Beliefs
Social milieu
History
Cultural Norms
Hierarchies
Cultural Norms
Hierarchies
TrainingRules
Values/Beliefs
TrainingRules
Values/Beliefs
Context
Even though external variables have influence on leader and follower, leading is ultimately determined by the
interaction between the leader and follower.
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LeadingSR+ SR-
Follo
win
g
SR+SR-
Cooperation
Coercion
Coercion
Coercion
A ruler should be slow to punish and swift to reward.
Ovid
“You do not lead by hitting people over the head-that’s assault not leadership”Dwight D. Eisenhower
SR+
SR+SR-
SR-
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LeadingSR+ SR-
Follo
win
g
SR+SR-
Cooperation
Coercion
Coercion
Coercion
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Cooperation vs Coercion
• Cooperation and Coercion produce very different effects. Cooperation=approach, continuous cycle of engagement,
doing more. Coercion=escape/avoidance, counter-control, doing less.
• Leadership requires large majority of time engaged in cooperation.
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Influencing Following
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Establishing Motivation
• Inspirational/Aspirational speakers-calls to action Appeals to values. JFK MLK, Jr. Nelson Mandella Geoffrey Canada-Harlem Children’s Zone-”whatever it
takes.”
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Establishing Motivation
• Leadership teams-Distributed Leadership Responsibility for solution is shared. Allows participants to “own” the problem/solution.
Effective for getting agreement that a problem exists and framing solutions.
If members of the team are credible then can function as local champions for solutions with peers.o Requires that someone assures that team remains solution focused.o May reduce resistance.
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Specify Classes of Behavior
• Following is difficult if followers don’t know what to do.• These are functional classes of behavior rather than
topographical classes. Overly prescribing form narrows the range so that in many
instances there is no “appropriate” response.The form of the behavior is not as important as the function.
o Catch ’em being good. SWPBS is a good model for establishing broad classes of
behavior. Be Safe Be Respectful Be Responsible
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Create Context for Following
• Clear statement of vision and goals.• Adequate training and coaching.• Necessary resources available.
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Establish Stimuli for Following
• Set the occasion for when following is to occur.CoachingChecklists Job Aids
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Monitor and Reinforce Following
• Performance feedback systems.• “Management by walking around”
Allows for immediate reinforcement of following.
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Analytical Leading
Leading Behavior Present/Absent
Increase Motivation Yes No
Specify classes of following Yes No
Establish context Yes No
Establish stimuli for following Yes No
Monitor and reinforce following Yes No
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Leadership Summarized
To lead people, walk beside them ... As for the best leaders, the people do not notice their existence. The next best, the people honor and praise. The next, the people fear; and the next, the people hate ... When the best leader's work is done the people say, 'We did it ourselves!'”
Lao Tzu
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Thank you. Copies may be downloaded at:
winginstitute.org