Download - Sci Methods CH1.2 8th
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Chapter 1 Section 2
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Students will be able to: Explain what scientific methods are.
Explain how scientific methods are used to answer
questions
Describe how a hypothesis is formed and tested
Identify methods that are used to analyze data
Explain how a conclusion can support or disprove ahypothesis
List methods of communicating data
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Series of steps followed to solve problems
Do you know what the steps are?
Take a minute to write down the steps asyou know them
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Ask a question
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Analyze the results
Draw conclusions
Communicate results
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Focuses the purpose of an investigation
Make observations Gather information through your senses
Accurately make and record your observations
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How can you improve the efficiency of boatpropulsion systems?
Experimenters: Czarnowski (zhar NOW skee)
andTriantafyllou (tree ahn ti FEE loo)
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Most boat propellers are only 70% efficient
Increased efficiency will save resources
(fuel) and money
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Hypothesis: a possible explanation oranswer to a question
Based on your observations
Can be tested
Predictions : statement of cause and effectthat can be used to set up a test for ahypothesis (if-then format)
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Penguins swimming in the New EnglandAquarium
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Controlled experiments: tests only onefactor at a time; a control group and 1 ormore experimental groups.
Only one factor differs, this is the variable
Designing an experiment
Collecting data
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Czarnowski and Triantafyllou built Proteus,a 2-propeller penguin boat
They tested it in the Charles River in Boston
They collected and recorded data such asthe flapping rate, energy used by the
motors, and the speed achieved by theboat.
The only factor that was changed was theflapping rate
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Organize your data (tables, graphs, etc.)
Helps to explain and focus on effects of thevariable
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By graphing data on flaps per second,Proteus was most efficient at 1.7 flaps persecond
Graphing efficiency showed that Proteus is17% more efficient than a propeller-drivenboat.
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Do the results of the experiment supportthe hypothesis?
If not, need to find another explanation
Problems are rarely solved with just oneexperiment
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After many more trials, Czarnowski andTriantafyllou found that the penguinpropulsion system was more efficient thanthe propeller propulsion system.
This led to more questionsCan this systembe used on large tanker ships?
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Share with others to learn more and expandyour ideas
Compare hypotheses
Repeat experiments
Develop new experiments and hypotheses
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Published their results in academic papers,science magazines, and newspapers
They also displayed their results on theInternet
This way, other scientists can conduct
additional research about Proteus
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What is the relationship between andexperiment and a hypothesis?
When following scientific methods, what isthe correct procedure for investigation?