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AnatomyAnatomySkeletal
and
muscular system
By
Architha Sudhakar
7th
Grade
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Skeletal SystemSkeletal System
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CrossCross--section of the Bonesection of the Boney There are concentric units called
osteons that run parallel to the longaxis of the bone, each one having a
central Haversian Canal. This canal
contains blood vessels and nerves.y Concentric rings are called as
lamellae
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BoneBoney Epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis
y Bone marrow- Red and Yellow
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Bone ClassificationsBone Classificationsy Long Bones (ex. Femur)
y
Short Bones (ex.C
arpal)y Irregular Bones (ex. Hip Bones)
y Flat Bones (ex. Skull)
y Sesamoid Bones (ex. Patella)
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AxialAxialSkeletonSkeleton
y Skull (22 bones)
y Hyoid Bone (1 bone)
y
Vertebral Column (26 bones)y Ribs (24 bones)
y Sternum (1 bone)
y
Auditory Bones (6 bones)
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AppendicularAppendicular SkeletonSkeletony Arms (62 bones)
y
Legs- (60 bones)y Pectoral Girdle clavicle and scapula (4 bones)
y Pelvic Girdle hip bones (3 bones)
y Grand Total(Axial + Appendicular) = 206 Bones
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VertebraeVertebraey Cervical is located at the neck
area of the spinal cord. There
are 12 sections.
y Thorax is located in the chest
area of the spinal cord. There
are 7 sectionsy Lumbar is located at the lower
back area of the spinal cord.
There are 5 sections.
y Sacrum is located at the end
of the spinal cord. There are 5
sections
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Joint TypesJoint Typesy Ball-and-socket joint (ex. Shoulder joint)
The ball-and-socket joint allows a full range of movement
y Hinge Joint (ex. thumb joint)
The hinge joint allows flexion/extension movementy Pivot Joint (ex. Neck joint)
The pivot joint allows rotational movement
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Joint TypesJoint Typesy Saddle Joint (ex. Thumb joint)
The saddle joint allows two-directional movement
between the thumb and the carpaly Ellipsoidal Joint (ex. Wrist joint)
The ellipsoidal joint allows back-forth movement
y Gliding Joint (ex. Between Carpals)
The Gliding joint allows side-side/back-forth movement
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Types Of FracturesTypes Of Fracturesy Closed (simple)- bone has not broken through skin
y
Open (compound)- bone has broken through skiny Partial- break is incomplete
y Complete- break is complete
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Types Of FracturesTypes Of Fracturesy Comminuted- bone has splintered (small fragments
are scattered near breakage point)
y Greenstick- a type of partial fracture where one
side of the bone is broken and the other is bent
y Spiral- bone is twisted apart
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Effects Of Exercise On TheEffects Of Exercise On The
BoneBoney Mild exercise such as walking can
increase a persons-y Bone mass
y Bone strength
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Bone Diseases And DisordersBone Diseases And Disordersy Osteoarthritis (bone cartilage wears out and the
bones rub against each other-mostly seen in
seniors)
y Scoliosis (vertebral column looses its curve)
y Osteoporosis (bone mass decreases, therefore
resulting in porous bones)y Herniated Discs (pinches spinal column causing
serious pain)
y
Fractures (a break in the bone)
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Muscular SystemMuscular System
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Different Types Of MusclesDifferent Types Of Musclesy Smooth Muscles-no striations, one nucleus, lines
any hollow or tubular structure (ex. blood vessels,
intestines, etc.)
y Skeletal Muscles-connected to the bones through
tendons (ex. Arms, legs, etc.)
y Cardiac Muscles-muscles of the heart
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Effects of Exercise on theEffects of Exercise on the
Muscular SystemMuscular Systemy Strengthens the muscles
y Helps build muscle massy Helps with blood circulation
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Strains and SprainsStrains and SprainsyA sprain is the tearing of ligaments-
common locations are ankles andknees
yA strain is the stretching or tearing of a
muscle or tendon- ex. Hamstring andback injuries
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Diseases of the MuscleDiseases of the Muscley Poliomyelitis: virus, attacks central nervous
system
y Muscular Dystrophies: weakens themuscle, loss of muscle tissue (genetic)
y Myasthenia gravis: a neuromuscular
disorder, weakens voluntary muscles, chronicautoimmune disease, usually affects menover 60 and women below 40, death causedby respiratory failure
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BibliographyBibliographyy Books-
Grays Anatomy
Principles Of Anatomy by Tortora and
Grabowski
y Websites-Mayo Clinic
y Google Images