Download - Science Form 3 Chapter 6fffdd
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6.1 MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST
o Minerals are solid elements orcompounds found naturally in the Earthscrust.
o Minerals make up the bulk of the materialsin the Earths crust.
o Gold, silver and platinum are mineralswhich are found as natural elements. Mostminerals, however, are found as natural
compounds in the form of oxides,sulphides and silicates.
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6.1 MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST
Gold Silver
Platinum
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=platinum+mineral&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=su9R9K-qc2Y-1M&tbnid=mtt_WWmJeQb0DM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum&ei=TktiUfjJAsr5rAfbzICYDw&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGAjZVbaVX9zbH863h6OOId0LlzeA&ust=1365477129794087http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=silver+mineral&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=pb_y_kJM6Tz9MM&tbnid=Ew1KJcf_fYbiUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Nevada/Metal_silver.html&ei=MTViUZznF8PyrQfWuID4Aw&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHMc054chsRf1yMfUGHD6b4rW3AtQ&ust=1365477023338007http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=gold+mineral&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=m1my2YoVIOeCcM&tbnid=O9wEL_pcGn3e0M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://nevada-outback-gems.com/mineral_information/gold_mineral_info.htm&ei=1zRiUfntFYSNrgfT4YDoDQ&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNErpmsPmVoR8chw-fl8ZG074-cbrg&ust=1365476938861403 -
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6.1 MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST
o Minerals that are found as natural
compounds are made of metallicelements and non-metallic elementschemically combined.
Natural compound Mineral ElementsOxide Haematite Iron, oxygen
Cassiterite Tin, oxygen
Carbonate Calcite Calcium, carbon, oxygen
Malachite Copper, carbon, oxygen
Sulphide Iron pyrite Iron, sulphur
Galena Lead, sulphur
Silicate China clay Aluminium, silicon, oxygen
Calcium silicate Calcium, silicon, oxygen
Silica Sand, quartz Silicon, oxygen
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6.1 MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST
o Every mineral has its own properties.o The properties of minerals studied are:
(i) Hardness(ii) Solubility
(iii) Effect of heato Minerals are hard and insoluble in water.o Most metal oxides are stable and cannot be
broken down by heat.
The effect of heat on iron oxide
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6.1 MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST
o When heated, a metal sulphide breaks down
into a metal oxide and releases sulphurdioxide gas. The sulphur dioxide gas turnsthe acidified potassium manganate (VII)solution from purple to colourless .Example:Iron sulphide + oxygen iron oxide +
sulphur dioxide
The effect of heat on lead sulphide
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6.1 MINERALS IN THE EARTHS CRUST
o
When heated, metal carbonates are brokendown into metal oxides and releasescarbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxidegas causes the limewater to turn cloudy.Example:Calcium carbonate calcium oxide +
carbon dioxide
The effect of heat on magnesium carbonate
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6.2 REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS
o Metals react with non-metals such as oxygenand sulphur.
o When a metal reacts with oxygen, a metaloxide is formed.Example:Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium oxide
o When a metal reacts with sulphur, a metal
sulphide is formed.Example:Magnesium + sulphur Magnesium
sulphide
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6.2 REACTIONS BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS
Reaction of metal with sulphur Reaction of metal with oxygen
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6.3 SILICON COMPOUNDS
o Silicon occurs in the form of naturalcompounds in the Earths crust.
o Two types of silicon compounds are:(i) Silica
- Consists of silicon and oxygen.(ii) Silicate
- Consists of metal, silicon and
oxygen.Natural compound Mineral
Silica Sand, quartz
Silicate Asbestos, jade, clay,mica
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6.3 SILICON COMPOUNDS
Examples of silica: sand and quartz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quartz,_Tibet.jpghttp://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sand+silica&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=joDuKBByInRTrM&tbnid=aKzQAcVMmGrkiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://silicasand.tradeindia.com/quartz-silica-sand-350374.html&ei=6H9iUdqpG8borQeshIHoDw&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNE_pKkf5ft4FxYA85FU9uqYtiiu8Q&ust=1365496160791609 -
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6.3 SILICON COMPOUNDS
Examples of silicates: jade, asbestos, clay and mica
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=mica&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=53P9B6CmRJv_SM&tbnid=IcKgkpt28CrrDM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mineral_Mica_GDFL006.JPG&ei=m4liUeXfH8rwrQflooDgCA&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEJU4lykOOzElQokTrDpVH2yeRCaQ&ust=1365498572592836http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Clay-ss-2005.jpghttp://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=asbestos+&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=-Y97YtvJtzzvGM&tbnid=xfKGLGHbaUNKRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos&ei=l4ZiUdO0LcHTrQfx1YGgCQ&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGsKGFoq0IHD5oVrcd0zzHuRfNE9Q&ust=1365497869782487http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=jade&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=3O8BKKd_3SCmmM&tbnid=L-ts4I56lgVadM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.photo-dictionary.com/phrase/2375/jade.html&ei=ZIZiUfG0N8PArAe594HIBQ&bvm=bv.44770516,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEV3vi6x15i8ExV0DXtDqqDhE7_hw&ust=1365497826420279 -
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6.3 SILICON COMPOUNDS
o Silica and silicates are insoluble in water.o Silica and silicates do not react with acid
and do not break down when heated.
Uses of silicon compounds
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
o Calcium carbonate is an important calciumcompound. It consist of calcium, carbonand oxygen.
o Calcium carbonate exists in many formssuch as:(i) Marble
(ii) Animal shell(iii) Coral
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
Different forms of calcium carbonate: Marble, animal shell and coral
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Coral_Outcrop_Flynn_Reef.jpghttp://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=animal+shell&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=6OSjxIo5uYp5kM&tbnid=dGiBqJBZAINkGM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Sea_shell&ei=fcNlUf_xOs2trAfKu4GgCA&bvm=bv.44990110,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNETHPOlB05601KH8a3EZOmpw21J1g&ust=1365710075065756http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=marble&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=_bDlQlgoHfNcKM&tbnid=jQYpEkjwO0XWoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble&ei=YMNlUZqKCcTMrQe1mICwAQ&bvm=bv.44990110,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNHp_736VsUAXyD0NML0BsQvkXNuUQ&ust=1365710046027047 -
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
o When heated, calcium carbonate breaksdown into calcium oxide and carbondioxide gas is released.
Example:Calcium calcium + carboncarbonate oxide dioxide
heat
Action of heat on calcium carbonate
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
Video on the action of acid and heat oncalcium carbonate:
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
o Calcium oxide (quicklime) is formed fromthe strong heating of calcium carbonate.
o When a few drops of water is added tocalcium oxide, calcium hydroxide (slakedlime) is formed.
o When more water is added, it dissolves toform calcium hydroxide solution(limewater).
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
Video on the formation of slaked lime fromquicklime and limewater from slaked lime:
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
o Calcium compounds have many uses.o Marble which is hard, insoluble in water,
and can withstand heat is used as floorslabs and as table surfaces.
o Calcium carbonate can be used to makeantacids.
o The alkaline property of quicklime andslaked lime is useful in the treatment ofsewage water and acidic soil.
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6.4 CALCIUM COMPOUNDS
Marble is used as floor slabs Calcium carbonate is usedto make antacids
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=antacid&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=eKtnrptmSDXNVM&tbnid=SoxjM2VrX5MSRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.asasupplies.com/Antacid-Tablets&ei=ht5lUZykFcPArAf58oBA&bvm=bv.45107431,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEwwqe4KnLm9aVL3Bh0gHO1NnOwcg&ust=1365716992078328http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=floor+slab+marble&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=CoeCsoWPLm0i1M&tbnid=hI9PJyYMiNZkcM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.ninesun-stone.com/article/marble-flooring.html&ei=Yd5lUcSCAcSPrQfSmYGoBA&bvm=bv.45107431,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNE35o0qzWjWUqt5XoBXRxd32ZWI9g&ust=1365716886948945 -
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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE
o Fossil fuels include petroleum, natural gasand coal.
o These fuels consist mainly of hydrocarbons,which are compounds made up of hydrogen
and carbon.o Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of
organisms that were buried under layers ofmud at the bottom of the sea millions of
years ago.o The high pressure and heat changes the
remains into fossil fuels.
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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE
o Coal is formed from dead plants whilepetroleum and natural gas are formed fromdead plants and animals.
Petroleum and natural gas are formed from the remainsof plants and animals buried millions of years ago
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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE
Formation of coal
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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE
o
Crude petroleum is a mixture ofhydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons must beseparated before they can be used.
o The hydrocarbons can be separated intofractions (components) by fractionaldistillation.
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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE
Petroleum fractions and their uses
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6.5 NATURAL FUEL RESOURCES AND THEIRIMPORTANCE
o
Each petroleum fraction (distillate) hasdifferent characteristics depending on itsboiling point.
Boilingpoint
increasesColour of fractionbecomes darker
Viscosity of fractionincreases
Quantity of sootincreases
Fraction becomesless flammable
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