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SCIENCE & ENGINEERING COUNCIL
NOVEMBER 13, 2019
5G: Technology Innovation under the Hood
By Mike Eddy
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OUTLINE
▪ What is 5G?
▪ Smartphone basics
• RF Front-end
▪ Market
▪ Key technologies
• MIMO
• Massive MIMO: Beam-forming
• Increased Bandwidth
• Complex modulation
▪ Concerns/Issues
• China – US trade war
• Interference – weather, co-existence
▪ Summary
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Source: Nokia
Extreme data rates
>10 GbpsPeak data rates
100 MbpsWhenever needed
Ultra low
costM2M
Ultra low
energy10+ years
battery life
Extreme capacity
10,000X more traffic
10-100X more
devices
Ultra low
latency
<1 ms
Ultra high
reliability
WHAT IS 5G?
3 Different Use Cases:
1. Extreme Mobile Broadband
a. HD Video
2. Massive MTM Comm.
a. IoT
3. Critical Machine Comm.
a. High reliability
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SMARTPHONE BASICS
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BASIC MODULES IN A SMARTPHONE
Source: Yole Developpment
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MAIN RF COMPONENTS IN A SMARTPHONE
Source: Yole Developpment
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4G : RF FRONT-END ARCHITECTURE
▪ Current requirements
• Multiple Antennas
• Multiple Duplexers/Filters
• Multi-Mode, Multi-Band Power Amplifiers
• Switches
• Tuning Elements
• Diversity (increased throughput)
• Carrier Aggregation
• WiFi Module
• GPS Module
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5G PHONEBOARD TEARDOWN
▪ Samsung Galaxy S10 5G
▪ Launched in South Korea on April
2019
▪ 1,158 phoneboard components
▪ No mmWave
▪ Only 1 sub-6GHz band
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5G & MARKET GROWTH
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MARKET DRIVER : DATA
▪ Smartphones are estimated
to handle more than 90% of
data traffic by 2022
▪ Video will account for about
75% of this data traffic
Source: Cisco VNI
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5G: ANTICIPATED GROWTH
Ericsson : 5G population coverage using sub-6GHz and
mmWave is forecast to reach 45 percent in 2024
Subscribers Data Traffic
Network Infrastructure
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report 2019
Source: YoleSource: Cisco, Yole
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RF FRONT-END BILL OF MATERIALS
Filter Market growing at 23% CAGR
Increasing Value of RF Content | Higher RF Content Driving TAM Growth
Transition to Performance, Premium Driving up RF TAM
2014 2015 2016 2017
$3B
$6B
$9B
$12B
$15B
$ CONTENT BY SEGMENT
Legacy
Value
Performance
Premium
Source:
Management
Estimates,
Barclays
Average RF Content / Handset
2014 2016 2018
Unit Shipments Trend
Legacy 2G/3G Performance 4G Premium 4G
$22.31
Value 2G/3G
2018
$0B
$0 B
$2 B
$4 B
$6 B
$8 B
$10 B
$12 B
$14 B
$16 B
$18 B
$20 B
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Source: Mobile
Experts LLC
AN
NU
AL
REV
EN
UE (
$M
)
MIPI/CMOS
Controllers
Antenna Tuning Switches Filter Power
Amplifier
$0.80 $3.25 $7.25 $16.25
Advanced 4G
2014 2016 2018 2014 2016 2018 2014 2016 2018 2014 2016 2018
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RF FRONT END ENABLES MOBILE PHONE GROWTH
▪ Filters are the fastest growing segment of the
RF Front End (RFFE) market
o 21% CAGR
o $28B in 2025
▪ Next generation Smartphone
projected to include
$29.31 RF content
in 2019
Sources: Yole Developpement, Navian, Barclays, Management Estimates
$22.31
Advanced
4G
$16.25
Premium
4G
$7.25
Performance
4G
20252007 Increasing Value of RF Content | Higher RF Content Driving TAM Growth
5-8 15-20 30-35 50-70 80-100 >100
Increasing number of RF filters per phone *Management estimates
2-4 TBD
$29.31
Future
4G
>$38.00
5G
~$67.00
Future 4G,
Sub 6GHz,
MIMO,
5G
~$75.00
Future 4G,
mmWave,
5G
$ 4B
$ 12B
$ 40B
$ 28B
RFFE
MARKET
$ 9B
$ 19B
$3.25
Value
2G/3G
$0.80
Legacy
2G/3G
FILTER
MARKET
2019
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5G: INCREASING BANDWIDTH – IMPLICATIONS FOR SMARTPHONES
Screen : Size and Resolution
RFFE:
Complexity
Processor: Speed
Source: Navian
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KEY TECHNOLOGIES
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Shannon Theory
Maximum Wireless Data-Rate
Shannon Theory : C = M* H * log2 (1+SINR)
Key parameters to Increase data rate :
1) Increase bandwidth (H)
2) Increase number of channels (M)
3) Improve SINR
a) By increasing transmit power at the user
b) By decreasing Noise
This is achieved in 5G by:
1) More instantaneous bandwidth (n77, n79..) &
aggregation of spectrum
2) More antennas (MIMO)
3) Densification of the network
4) Higher order modulation schemes
Description
C Channel Capacity in bits/second
M Number of Channels
H Bandwidth
SINR Signal to (Interference + Noise) Ratio
5G: Data-Rate
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5G – KEY TECHNOLOGIES
▪ MIMO : Multiple Antennas
• More RF paths requiring more RF components
• Massive MIMO antennas for improved coverage & capacity using beamforming
▪ Increasing bandwidth
• More CA. More bands. More filter complexity
• Larger, single frequency bandwidth. Only available at higher frequencies
▪ More complex modulation schemes
• Increasing number of bits/symbol
• Requires improved SINR
▪ Densification of the Network
• Small cells
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MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT: MIMO
MIMO : 4x2 Massive MIMO : Beamforming
▪ Most effective in urban
environments
▪ Signal split and relies on
different path lengths
▪ Directs energy toward user
▪ Essential for high frequency to
improve coverage
▪ Technically difficult, high cost
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THE IMPORTANCE OF FILTERS
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Key parameters to increase data rate:
1. Increase bandwidth
2. Increase number of channels
3. Improve SINR - Signal to (Interference + Noise) Ratio
a. By increasing transmit power at the user
b. By decreasing noise
5G: EXTREME MOBILE BROADBAND DRIVERS
This is achieved in 5G by:
1. More instantaneous bandwidth (n77, n79..)
& aggregation of spectrum
2. More antennas (MIMO)
3. Densification of the network
4. Higher order modulation schemes
KEY DRIVER: STREAMING VIDEO TO PHONE WHICH NECESSITATES HIGH DATA RATES
AGGREGATED
BANDWIDTH
AGGREGATED
BANDWIDTH
FILTERS
4G Band
4G Band
5G Band
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ACOUSTIC WAVE PHYSICS DRIVES FILTER SIZE
▪ Early mobile filters used dielectric resonators
• Too large for multiple filters/phone
▪ Acoustic Wave Devices allow miniaturization
• Small size, low cost
• Maintain performance
Wave MediaWave Velocity
(km/sec)
Wave Length @ 2GHz
(mm)
Electromagnetic in Air 300,000 150
Electromagnetic in
High Dielectric ( = 100)30,000 15
Acoustic Wave in Solid Material 4-12 .002 - .003
Dielectric filter from Motorola (1994)
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IPHONE XS : FREQUENCY BANDS & NATIONS COVERED
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5G: SUB 6GHZ SPECTRUM
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5G’S IMPACT ON THE RF FRONT END – TECHNOLOGY
5G demands larger bandwidth that is only available at higher frequency
5G Requirements XBAR
Large bandwidth
100’s of MHz vs. 10’s of MHz
High frequency (3GHz - 80GHz)
Only frequencies where large bandwidths are available
Power handling
High frequency = less propagation
Overcome with higher power to increase coverage
High quality factor, Q, of resonator structure
Determines rejection and loss of the filter
Particularly challenging at high frequency
Based upon simulation resultsInitial measured verification in process
What is XBAR?
• Proprietary resonator structure
based on existing process technologies developed using ISN
• IP/ XBAR based library
products for 5G
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ACOUSTIC WAVE FILTER TECHNOLOGIES
3G & 4G 4G
Best performance requires precise
process control and improved designImproves temperature stability
Simple, low cost Relatively low cost process
Best in class performance
Ultra-wideband
4G & 5G
Leverages standard industry
process
SAW Surface Acoustic Wave
Acoustic wave propagates in a lateral
direction
TC-SAW Temperature-Compensated SAW
Acoustic wave propagates in a lateral
direction
BAW – XBAR™Bulk Acoustic Wave
Acoustic wave propagates in a vertical
direction
FBAR Bulk Acoustic Wave
Acoustic wave propagates in a vertical
direction
4G
Complex, high cost process
Low loss and high rejection
COST
PROCESS STEPS
PERFORMANCE
Surface Acoustic Wave
Metal lines
Interdigital Transducer
Piezoelectric substrate (LiTaO3 , …)
Electrical Port
Si3N4 PassivationSiO2 Temperature Compensation
Electrodes
Piezoelectric Substrate
AlN
Si Etch Pit
Thin piezolayer
ElectrodesSiO2
Si -substrate
Air Gap
APPLICATIONS
Si -substrate
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XBAR RESONATOR
▪ Resonators are the building blocks of filters
• Properties determine filter characteristics
▪ Novel resonator structure optimized for new 5G
filter requirements
▪ Uses MEMS process steps to fabricate - no
process invention
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CONCERNS/ISSUES
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5G AND WIFI COEXISTENCE
n78 n77 n79 5GHz WiFi
3.3
GHz4.2
GHz
4.4
GHz
5.0
GHz5.15
GHz
5.35
GHz
5.47
GHz
5.85
GHz
~6.42
GHz
~7.12
GHz
900MHz Bandwidth 600MHz Bandwidth
200MHz separation
150MHz separation
200MHz Bandwidth 380MHz Bandwidth
Problem:
▪ 5G (sub 6GHz) and
5GHz/6GHz WiFi need
to operate together
in 5G phones
▪ Massive potential
interference problem
Requirements:
▪ Large bandwidths
▪ High
isolation/rejection
▪ Low loss
▪ High Power
▪ Small and thin die size
Significantly different
from 4G
55d
B Iso
latio
n
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CHINA-US TRADE WAR: PAMID VS FEMID
FEMiDPAMiD
Front-End Module in DuplexerPower Amplifier Module in Duplexer
FILTERFILTER
Dominant Suppliers:▪ Broadcom, Skyworks, QORVO
Dominant Suppliers:▪ Murata, RF360, Wisol
RFFE architecture
change for China
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CHINA-US TRADE WAR: REDUCED US CONTENT
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INTERFERENCE WITH WEATHER SATELLITE SENSORS
▪ Weather Forecasting
▪ Weather satellites sense emissions at 23.8GHz to monitor moisture levels in the air
▪ Developed after WWII, when it was observed that ~24GHz radar worked best at different
times of the year – because of moisture absorption
▪ Potential Problem
• US 5G auction of 24GHz spectrum
closed in May, 2019
• Frequency adjacent to moisture
emissions
• Potential interference which would
degrade accuracy of moisture
levels in the atmosphere
▪ Mitigation/Solution
• Not resolved yet
• Limit 5G power levels at frequencies
close to 23.8GHz
• 5G highly directional at mmWave
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▪ 5G Deployments accelerating globally
▪ Led by China, Korea, Japan – sub 6GHz
▪ US focus on mmWave
▪ Propagation challenges
▪ Innovation required to fulfil the 5G dream
▪ Key technologies – MIMO, increased bandwidth, complex modulation, network
densification
▪ Critical Issue
▪ Interference
▪ Importance of Filters
SUMMARY